Prevalência de infecção por Leishmania chagasi utilizando os métodos de ELISA (rK39 e CRUDE) e intradermorreação de Montenegro em área endêmica do Maranhão, Brasil

Nascimento, Maria do Desterro Soares Brandão; Souza, Edilberto Costa; Silva, Leopoldo Muniz da; Leal, Plínio da Cunha; Cantanhede, Karleno de Lima; Bezerra, Geusa Felipa de Barros; Viana, Graça Maria de Castro

doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2005000600028

Cited by 32 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The rates of infection among humans were much higher than those observed in other surveys in the North and Northeast Regions of Brazil, such as in the states of Ceará (prevalence of 4.5%) and Pará (3.4%), but similar to those recorded in the states of Piauí (13.9%) and BA (16.1%). The rates in this study were also higher than what was previously seen in a different area of the state of MA (17.5%) (Badaró et al 1986a, Evans et al 1992, Werneck et al 2002, Nascimento et al 2005, Rosas Filho & Silveira 2007. Such differences might reflect not only variations in the magnitude of transmission between these areas but also differences in the diagnostic methods used and the age distribution within the studied population.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Felipe

Aquino

Kuppinger

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is considered an important neglected disease that affects many countries of the world (Desjeux 2004). On the American continent, VL is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania chagasi, which is transmitted to humans and other vertebrate hosts (e.g., dogs) through the bite of a female sandfly. Lutzomyia longipalpis is considered to be the main vector for VL in Brazil (Lainson & Rangel 2005).A high proportion of L. chagasi infected persons do not present any clinical symptoms of disease, even after a long incubation period (asymptomatic form) (Evans et al. 1992, Romero et al. 2009). Cohort studies in Brazil have described detection of asymptomatic seroconvertors with a sensitive and specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test using crude antigens from promastigotes (Badaró et al. 1986a, c) Malnutrition is considered one of the most important factors associated with the development of clinical symptoms of leishmaniasis (Alvar et al. 2006). The high frequency of Leishmania infection found in human beings, dogs and Lu. longipalpis in previous studies in the municipality of Raposa, state of Maranhão (MA), Brazil, may also be associated with poverty (Caldas et al. 2001(Caldas et al. , 2002.Notably, the current knowledge on the epidemiology of VL is mainly based on studies examining the prevalence of Leishmania infections only among humans. There are few studies that simultaneously examine L. chagasi infection across several known hosts and carriers. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the asymptomatic L. chagasi infection rates in human beings, dogs and the vector Lu. longipalpis in the VL endemic area of Raposa. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was performed from August 2006-July 2008 in Vila Maresia, Vila Marisol and Vila Pantoja; all three neighbourhoods are located in the municipality of Raposa situated in the northern coastal region of MA, approximately 28 km from the state capital, São Luis (Figure).In this study, the inclusion criteria for human subjects were the following: living in an endemic area for more than six months, no signs and symptoms of VL (fever for more than 2 weeks, hepatosplenomegaly, weight loss or mucocutaneous pallor) and no previous history of VL. As exclusion criteria, we considered a history of treatment for VL (including treatment failures and relapses), individuals with known immunodeficiency or currently using immunosuppressants and comorbidities (evidence of other conditions leading to splenomegaly, such as schistosomiasis and malaria).In a preliminary census survey, we found 1,417 inhabitants, 986 (70%) of whom participated in the study. This 30% loss was mainly due to internal and external migrations, as well as refusal to participate in the study. Overall, 986 (69.6%) out of 1,417 inhabitants that lived more than six months in the area and did not exhibit clinical VL symptoms participated in the study. From these, 857 individuals (86.9%) were from Vila Maresia, 77 individuals (7.7%) were from Vila Marisol and 52...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 63%

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Felipe

Aquino

Kuppinger

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in Ilha de São Luis since the 1980s 5 , and an increased rate of migration of individuals from rural to urban areas and from other states has been observed during this period. These people settled in overcrowded and inadequate settlements constructed at the periphery of Ilha de São Luis (consisting of four municipalities), generally in recently inhabited and occupied areas characterized by deforestation and burning 21,22 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this age group is more affected by the disease 14,18 . The higher susceptibility of children of this age to the clinical form of the disease is probably due to higher rates of nutritional deficiencies and consequent lower immunological resistance 5,18,24 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors for Leishmania chagasi infection in an endemic area in Raposa, State of Maranhão, Brazil

Ponte

Souza

Cavalcante

et al. 2011

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Infection with Leishmania chagasi is the most common clinical presentation for visceral leishmaniaisis in endemic areas. The municipality of Raposa is an endemic area in State of Maranhão, Brazil, and have had registration cases of visceral leishmaniasis disease. For this reason, a cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the risk factors for infection with L. chagasi detected by Montenegro skin test. Methods: The sample comprised 96% of the inhabitants of the villages of Maresia, Pantoja, and Marisol located in the municipality of Raposa, corresponding to 1,359 subjects. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between the variables studied and infection of L. chagasi. Results: The variables associated with infection upon nonadjusted analysis were a straw roof, mud walls, floors of beaten earth, presence of sand flies inside or outside of the dwelling, and bathing outdoors. Adjusted analysis showed that the presence of sand flies inside/outside the dwelling was a risk factor, and age younger than 10 years was a protective factor against asymptomatic infection. Conclusions: The results highlight the extent to which precarious living conditions of the population strengthen the epidemiological chain of visceral leishmaniasis.Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis. Kalazar. Leishmania chagasi. Montenegro skin test. Risk factors. RESUMO Introdução:A infecção por Leishmania chagasi é a apresentação clínica mais comum de laishmaniose visceral em áreas endêmicas. O município de Raposa é área endêmica no Estado do Maranhão, tendo registrado casos da doença. Por isso, realizou-se um estudo transversal, com o objetivo de estudar os fatores de risco para infecção por L. chagasi detectada pelo teste intradérmico de Montenegro. Métodos: O estudo envolveu 96% dos moradores das localidades de Maresia, Pantoja e Marisol do município da Raposa, totalizando 1.359 indivíduos. O levantamento dos dados foi realizado utilizando um questionário. Para verificar a associação entre as variáveis estudadas e a infecção por L. chagasi, foram utilizados os modelos de regressão logística uni e multivariada. Resultados: Na análise não ajustada, as variáveis associadas à infecção foram: cobertura da casa de palha, paredes de taipa, piso de chão batido, a presença de flebotomíneos dentro ou fora do domicílio e o local do banho fora de casa. Na análise ajustada, a presença de flebotomíneos dentro ou fora do domicílio foi considerada fator de risco e a idade menor que 10 anos revelou-se como fator de proteção para a infecção assintomática. Conclusões: Evidenciou-se também, o quanto a precariedade das condições de vida da população contribui para o fortalecimento da cadeia epidemiológica da doença. Palavras

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“…These variables also play a defining role in the progression of the disease in rural areas and in zones surrounding cities, which are places inhabited by low-income populations in makeshift homes 30 . This precariousness of homes favors the accumulation of organic matter (waste from rearing of animals like swine and poultry) in the roundabouts, which promotes the development of some species that are able to adapt to this new environment, as observed for vectors like L. longipalpis and some native mammals (rodents, sloths, etc.)…”

Section: Conflict Of Interest Financial Support Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs and the relationship with environmental and sanitary aspects in the municipality of Palmas, state of Tocantins, Brazil

Bigeli

Junior

Teles³

2012

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to identify the presence of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs in the City of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil, using the PCR technique to list the hot spots of infected dogs in the city and associate their occurrence to significant environmental changes at capture sites. METHODS: DNA was extracted from blood of dogs, and the PCR were performed with primers RV1/RV2. After screening the population studied, the regions of the city that had the highest occurrence of canine infection were detected. These sites were visited, and ecological parameters denoting anthropogenic disturbance were evaluated. RESULTS: Some important features were listed in the regions visited, such as low urbanization, lack of public collection of sewage, limited garbage collection, vacant lots with tall vegetation, decaying organic matter, and, most importantly, the occurrence of stray dogs and poultry in homes. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology for screening the population was very efficient, especially in evaluating a large number of individuals in a short time, with a high degree of automation. The results indicate an association between the observed parameters and the occurrence of infection in dogs. The model presented in the city is ideal for studies of disease progression and expansion and for the evaluation of control measures adopted for canine VL.

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Prevalência de infecção por Leishmania chagasi utilizando os métodos de ELISA (rK39 e CRUDE) e intradermorreação de Montenegro em área endêmica do Maranhão, Brasil

Cited by 32 publications

References 17 publications

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in Maranhão, Brazil

Risk factors for Leishmania chagasi infection in an endemic area in Raposa, State of Maranhão, Brazil

Diagnosis of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs and the relationship with environmental and sanitary aspects in the municipality of Palmas, state of Tocantins, Brazil

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