American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) bite accidents in dogs in Argentina

Koscinczuk, P.; Pérez, O. Acosta de; Teibler, Pamela; Maruñak, Silvana; Rosciani, A. S.

doi:10.1590/s0102-09352000000200007

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Crotalus durissus is the unique species of the genus Crotalus in Brazil with Clinical findings observed in Cases 1 and 2 were mainly constituted by nervous signs such as skeletal muscle flaccid paralysis, apathy, hyporeflexia, cranial nerve deficits, and comatose state were similar to that observed in dogs naturally envenomed by Crotalus spp. [8,18], and in cattle and horses experimentally envenomed with crotalic venom [11,21]. Crotoxin, a potent neurotoxin, is the main component in the venom of the South American rattlesnakes [7], which blocks presynaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junctions [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemorrhages in organs, tissues, and at the snakebite site occurred in both envenomed dogs, and also thrombocytopenia in Case 1. Severe cases of C. durissus envenomation in humans are also character-ized by hemorrhages [34], coagulative disorders, and these changes were not reported in envenomed dogs in the Southeast of Brazil and Argentina [8,18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural Crotalus durissus terrificus envenomations have been rarely reported in dogs in Brazil [8] and Argentina [18], and there are no cases reported in livestock [36]. Experimental crotalic envenomations have been conducted in dogs [33], cattle [11], and horses [21] to evaluate clinical and pathological changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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South American Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) Envenomation in Dogs in the Semiarid Region of Brazil

Machado

Pessoa

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) envenomation is rarely reported in small animals and livestock in Brazil. Minor swelling at the snakebite site, skeletal muscle, and renal damage, and severe neurological signs characterize the crotalic envenomation. This case report aims to present epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of two cases of Crotalus durissus spp envenomation in dogs in the Northeast of Brazil.Cases: Envenomation by Crotalus durissus spp. was recorded in two dogs in Patos, State of Paraíba, Brazil. In Case 1, the dog presented flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, a deficit of cranial nerves, epistaxis, and gingival hemorrhages. Laboratory assay showed proteinuria, myoglobinuria, regenerative thrombocytopenia, and increased serum activities of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The dog was medicated with crotalic antivenom and wholly recovered from local and systemic clinical signs. In Case 2, the dog died and was detected fang marks at the ventral region of the left mandible (two small parallel perforations spaced 2.0 cm apart) at the snakebite site. Cyanosis of the oral cavity, congestion, and hemorrhages in several organs were observed at necropsy. Tubular nephrosis, muscular necrosis, hepatocytes swelling were observed. The owners witnessed snakebites, and the rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus spp.) identified by the rattle at the end portion of the tail in both cases. Discussion: Natural South American rattlesnake envenomation presents complex clinical signs that makes diagnosis a challenge for veterinary practitioners. The criteria for the correct diagnosis and observed in the two dogs include witness of the snakebite, identification of the snake, detection of fang marks, clinical-pathological findings, and therapeutic response to treatment with specific anti-venom. The dog’s owners did not identify the subspecies of rattlesnakes; however, Crotalus durissus cascavella and Crotalus durissus collilineatus are the only species found in the Northeast region of Brazil. Crotoxin is the primary toxic component of South American rattlesnake, which induces neuromuscular blockage, and neurological signs (skeletal muscle flaccid paralysis, apathy, hyporeflexia, cranial nerve deficits). These clinical signs are similar to those observed in the two dogs. Respiratory distress, cyanosis, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage are secondary to respiratory muscle paralysis and also detected in a dog (Case 2) with crotalic envenomation. Minor local swelling at the snakebite site, myotoxicity observed in both dogs (high serum activities of CK and AST - Case 1), degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers - Case 2), and fang marks observed in Case 2, strengthen the diagnosis of Crotalus durissus envenomation. Nephrotoxicity was also detected in both dogs (increased specific gravity of urine - Case 1 and myoglobin deposition and degeneration of renal epithelial tubular cells - Case 2). Coagulative disorders and hepatotoxicity are infrequently in domestic animals and humans with crotalic envenomation. High serum activities of ALP and ALT in Case 1, and swelling of hepatocytes in Case 2, suggest liver damage associated with the crotalic envenomation. The differential diagnosis of South American rattlesnake envenomation should be included in dogs with acute neuromuscular flaccid paralysis, associated or not with bleeding disorders, myoglobinuria, and acute kidney injury.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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South American Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) Envenomation in Dogs in the Semiarid Region of Brazil

Machado

Pessoa

et al. 2020

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…(2) and Koscinczuk et al (16). The absence of alterations in other muscles might be attributed to the evaluation moments and the inoculated venom dose.…”

Section: Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental envenomation with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom in dogs treated with antiophidic serum - part II: laboratory aspects, electrocardiogram and histopathology

Nogueira¹,

Sakate²,

Sangiorgio³

et al. 2007

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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The present work shows laboratory aspects, electrocardiogram and histopathology results during experimental envenomation by Crotalus durissus terrificus in dogs treated with antiophidic serum. Twenty-one dogs were divided into three groups of seven animals each. Group I received 1mg/kg venom (sc); Group II received 1mg/kg venom (sc), 50mg antiophidic serum (iv) and fluid therapy including 0.9% NaCl solution (iv); and Group III received 1mg/kg venom (sc), 50mg antiophidic serum (iv) and fluid therapy including 0.9% NaCl solution containing sodium bicarbonate diluted to the dose of 4mEq/kg. Urinalysis showed brown urine, proteinuria, occult blood and myoglobinuria. Respiratory acidosis and hypotension were also observed. At the venom inoculation site, there was discreet edema, popliteal lymph node response, musculature presenting whitish areas and necrotic myositis with myoregenerative activity. There was not evidence of electrocardiographical and biochemical alterations.

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Snakebite in domestic animals: First global scoping review

Bolon

Finat

Herrera

et al. 2019

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) bite accidents in dogs in Argentina

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

South American Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) Envenomation in Dogs in the Semiarid Region of Brazil

South American Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus spp.) Envenomation in Dogs in the Semiarid Region of Brazil

Experimental envenomation with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom in dogs treated with antiophidic serum - part II: laboratory aspects, electrocardiogram and histopathology

Snakebite in domestic animals: First global scoping review

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