Applying life cycle management of colombian cocoa production

Ortíz-R, Oscar O; Gallardo, Raquel Amanda Villamizar; Rangel, Joshua Mauricio

doi:10.1590/s0101-20612014005000006

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In 2012, the department of Norte de Santander (N. de S.) reached an average yield of 467 kg/ha. These are both low figures when compared to the national production objective of 1200 kg/ha/year [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Assessing Green and Blue Water Footprints in the Supply Chain of Cocoa Production: A Case Study in the Northeast of Colombia

Naranjo-Merino¹,

Ortíz-Rodriguez

Villamizar-G

2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:Cocoa is an important commercial crop in the tropics, and estimating the water footprint to target areas of improvement is a worthwhile effort. The main goal of this paper was to assess the regional green and blue water footprints (WF) of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production in the department of Norte de Santander, Colombia. Water footprint assessment was based on the Water Footprint Assessment Manual. The results show that the green water footprint was about 13,189 m 3 /ton, and the blue water footprint was 5687 m 3 /ton. The WF proposed method can be a good approximation for the uses of water for different crops, but weather conditions and hydrological modeling must be considered in extreme conditions, which would permit a much more detailed analysis for a region. This study allowed us to provide data on the cocoa water footprint, principally concentrating on elevated grain production in the department of Norte de Santander, Colombia. In addition, some of these results may positively contribute to water resource management improvement, especially regarding food security and water scarcity, both at the local and national levels. Therefore, the cocoa production process was analyzed from agronomic practices in settled crops, through the primary processing of the grain, to the procedures of grain selection and packaging. Thus, taking into consideration that most cocoa crops produced in Colombia are not irrigated, it is possible to implement productivity enhancement programs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The cocoa cultivation area in Colombia has a productivity of 450 kg/ha/year and the national production target is 1200 kg/ha/year [2]. Finally, in this paper, the grey WF is out of scope because it occurs during the cultivation phase of the farmer, and this is not a common agricultural practice among Colombian farmers [23].…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessing Green and Blue Water Footprints in the Supply Chain of Cocoa Production: A Case Study in the Northeast of Colombia

Naranjo-Merino¹,

Ortíz-Rodriguez

Villamizar-G

2017

Sustainability

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“…The most prevailing infections are frosty pod rot (caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri) and black pod (the etiological agent of which is Phytophthora sp. ), both causing cocoa crop losses of up to 100% (15). In addition, there are secondary infections caused by phytopathogens like Aspergillus and Fusarium that attack opportunistically as cocoa deteriorates, thus accelerating pod degradation and leaving traces of mycotoxins (3).…”

Section: Palavras-chave: Cacau Patógenoscogumelos Biocontrolementioning

confidence: 99%

Symbiotic and endophytic fungi as biocontrols against cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) phytopathogens

2017

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical tree, seriously affected by fungal diseases. To control several pathogens, biological methods are prescribed since they are friendly to the environment and easy to use. The main objective of this study was to assess the biocontrol effect of two native strains, Trichoderma viride and Botryosphaeria quercum, on phytopathogens such as Phytophthora palmivora and Moniliophtora roreri, causal agents of black pod and frosty pod rot diseases, respectively. In addition, biocontrolers were faced on potential mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergills flavus and Fusarium solani, which are very common on cocoa. The Bio-Control Index (BCI) was calculated to determine the in vitro biocontrol effect against the biocontrole contra quatro fitopatógenos. Os resultados indicaram que o melhor agente de controle biológico de fitopatogenos era B. quercum, que mostra 82,3% de BCI e 80,7%, 63,3% e 59,7% para cad a um dos fitopatógenos testados, respectivamente. A competição por substrato foi a estratégia utilizada no controle biológico. As estirpes, provenientes do Departamento de Santander e Santander Norte apresentaram a maior inibição percentual média. Este estudo é um inicial para sobre o poten c ial endófito e antagonística de fungos, capazes de colonizar as especificamente bagas de cacau e solo. Assim, estas estirpes podem ser indicadas uma alternativa eficiente contra fitopatógenos de cacau importantes. Palavras-chave: Cacau, patógenos,cogumelos, biocontroleCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical American tree flowering all year long and bearing a fruit known as pod. Colombia is the ninth producer in the world and the third one in Latin America, after Brazil and Ecuador. Estimated projections indicate that by 2021 Colombia might produce 285,600 Mg cocoa, as cocoa tree plantations are expected to reach over 230,000 ha (11); however, 50% to 90% cocoa production is affected by fungal diseases (2,4). The most prevailing infections are frosty pod rot (caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri) and black pod (the etiological agent of which is Phytophthora sp.), both causing cocoa crop losses of up to 100% (15). In addition, there are secondary infections caused by phytopathogens like Aspergillus and Fusarium that attack opportunistically as cocoa deteriorates, thus accelerating pod degradation and leaving traces of mycotoxins (3).To reduce the effects of fungal phytopathogens, cocoa growers apply good cropping practices, sometimes combined with the use of fungicides. The first method is easy to apply but labor demanding and is only economically viable if the cocoa price in the market is high (8). In the case of fungicides, they certainly protect the plant

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“…The crop's WF mainly depends on agronomic management and not on regional climate, because cocoa does not receive irrigation nor large amounts of fertilizers or pesticides. Regarding the global impact of climate change, this poses an elevated risk, which, associated to the phenomenon of "El niño", produces considerable drought, thus largely affecting production (Ortiz et al, 2014).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water footprint assessment of the Colombian cocoa production

Ortíz-Rodriguez

Naranjo²,

Cáceres

et al. 2015

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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A B S T R A C TThe main objective of the present research was to calculate the water footprint of the Colombian cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production. The evaluation of crop water requirement and irrigation requirement were based on climate, soil and crop conditions in the country. The water requirement estimation was based on data from six municipalities selected for their representativeness of the highest yield, productivity and commercial dynamics of the country. . Water use per crop unit can be influenced not only by agro-meteorological conditions, but also by the level of production. Therefore, a region with a low water footprint value for a specific crop usually has a favorable climatic condition. Crop evapotranspiration was found to be relatively low, and the highest yields were obtained in association with more productive cropping levels. Given the complexity of a hydrological phenomenon like crop evapotranspiration, the magnitude of these differences may be considered to be small. Avaliação de pegada hídrica da produção de cacau colombiano R E S U M O O objetivo principal da presente pesquisa é avaliar a pegada hídrica da produção do cacau Colombiano (Theobroma cacao L.). A exigência hídrica da cultura, tanto quanto a de irrigação, foi avaliada com base nas condições de clima, solo e da cultura no país. A estimativa da necessidade de água foi baseada em dados de seis municípios selecionados pela representatividade dos seus maiores níveis de rendimento, produtividade e dinâmica comercial do Brasil. De acordo com os resultados a pegada hídrica atingiu 17,100 m 3 t -1 . A nível de província, o maior recorde para este parâmetro foi observado em Tolima com 23,239 m 3 t -1 enquanto Huila registrou o nível mais baixo, com 13,475 m 3 t -1. O consumo de água por unidade de cultura pode ser influenciado não só pelas condições agrometeorológicas, mas também pelo nível de produção; portanto, regiões com baixos valores de pegada hídrica para uma cultura específica geralmente têm condição climática favorável. A evapotranspiração é relativamente baixa e os maiores rendimentos foram obtidos na agricultura com maiores níveis de produção; em razão da complexidade de um fenômeno hidrológico, como a evapotranspiração de uma cultura, a magnitude dessas diferenças pode ser considerada pequena.

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Applying life cycle management of colombian cocoa production

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Assessing Green and Blue Water Footprints in the Supply Chain of Cocoa Production: A Case Study in the Northeast of Colombia

Assessing Green and Blue Water Footprints in the Supply Chain of Cocoa Production: A Case Study in the Northeast of Colombia

Symbiotic and endophytic fungi as biocontrols against cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) phytopathogens

Water footprint assessment of the Colombian cocoa production

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