Association between dental-oral health in young adults and salivary glutathione, lipid peroxidation and sialic acid levels and carbonic anhydrase activity

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between salivary oxidative stress and dental-oral health. Healthy young adults, matched for gender and age, with (N = 21, 10 men, mean age: 20.3 ± 1 years) and without (N = 16, 8 men, mean age: 21.2 ± 1.8 years) caries were included in this study. The World Health Organization (WHO) caries diagnostic criteria were used for determining the decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index. The oral hygiene and gingival status were assessed using the simplified oral hygiene index and gingival index, respectively. Unstimulated salivary total protein, glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation and total sialic acid levels, carbonic anhydrase activity, and salivary buffering capacity were determined by standard methods. Furthermore, salivary pH was measured with pH paper and salivary flow rate was calculated. Simplified oral hygiene index and gingival index were not significantly different between groups but DMFT scores were significant (P < 0.01). Only, GSH values were significantly different (P < 0.05) between groups (2.2 and 1.6 mg/g protein in young adults without caries and with caries, respectively). There was a significant negative correlation between DMFT and GSH (r = -0.391; P < 0.05; Pearson's correlation coefficient). Our results suggest that there is an association between caries history and salivary GSH levels. In this study, the relationship between dental caries and glutathione (GSH) as an important antioxidant, lipid peroxidation (LPO) as an indicator of oxidative damage of oral tissues, sialic acid (SA) as a mediator for bacterial adhesion, carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity as a key enzyme for oral physiology and other salivary parameters such as salivary buffering capacity, pH and saliva flow rate (SFR) were evaluated in healthy young adults with and without caries.The present study was designed in accordance with the guidelines issued in the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the local Ethical Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. A total of 37 healthy young adults with (N = 21, 10 men) and without (N = 16, 8 men) caries, who are students at the Dental Faculty, were included in this study. Their ages were between 19 and 25 years and the mean were 21.2 and 20.3 years for caries-free and with caries subjects, respectively (P > 0.05). All subjects were instructed to refrain from smoking, eating and drinking for 12 h prior to saliva collection and to brush their teeth in the morning. Fasting unstimulated whole saliva samples were always collected between 8:30 and 11:00 h. Before saliva collection, the mouth was rinsed with distilled water. Subsequently, saliva was allowed to accumulate on the floor of the mouth and the subjects were instructed to spit into a test tube. Each saliva collection period was 10-min long. Immediately after collection, saliva volume was measured and the ^

Salivary carbonic anhydrase, pH and phosphate buffer concentrations as potential biomarkers of caries risk in children

“…[19,[21][22][23] On the other hand, some of our results were not in agreement with other authors. [23][24][25] This conflict may be due to the difference in method of analysis as our study were able to determine the concentration of salivary CA VI while Frasseto et al [25] used the zymography method to quantitatively determine the activity of salivary CA VI. [24] Their results indicate significantly higher activity of CA in stimulated than non-stimulated saliva in both examined groups, while Surdilović et al [20] reported a positive correlation between CA VI concentration and saliva secretion.…”

“…[23][24][25] This conflict may be due to the difference in method of analysis as our study were able to determine the concentration of salivary CA VI while Frasseto et al [25] used the zymography method to quantitatively determine the activity of salivary CA VI. [24] Their results indicate significantly higher activity of CA in stimulated than non-stimulated saliva in both examined groups, while Surdilović et al [20] reported a positive correlation between CA VI concentration and saliva secretion. [26] It should be realized that several factor affect the saliva composition that could changes according to the flow rate, nature and duration of stimulation, and the time of day at which samples are collected.…”

Relationship among Salivary Carbonic Anhydrase VI Activity and Flow Rate, Biofilm pH and Caries in Primary Dentition

“…The study by Oztürk et al [2008] found no significant difference in CAVI concentration when caries and caries-free young adults were compared. On the other hand, the investigation performed by Kivelä et al [1999] has shown that a low CAVI concentration is associated with a higher caries index; it has also shown a negative correlation between CAVI concentration and DMFT index in individuals with poor oral hygiene.…”

Relationship of Glutathione Status with Oral Pre-cancer and Cancer

“…Glutathione directly scavenges free radicals, sometimes act as a substrate for glutathione peroxidases and glutathione Stransferases during the detoxification of ROS [7,8]. Recently studies have been carried out on salivary glutathione levels in patients with diabetes, dental caries and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [3,9,10]. The aim of our study was to evaluate the levels of salivary glutathione in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.…”