The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in eosinophil activation during inflammatory allergic reactions

Abstract

Chemokines are important chemotactic cytokines that play a fundamental role in the trafficking of leukocytes to sites of inflammation. They are also potent cell-activating factors, inducing cytokine and histamine release and free radical production, a fact that makes them particularly important in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. The action of chemokines is regulated at the level of agonist production and processing as well as at the level of receptor expression and coupling. Therefore, an analysis of the ligands must necessarily consider receptors. Eosinophils are target cells involved in the allergic inflammatory response since they are able to release a wide variety of mediators including CC and CXC chemokines and express their receptors. These mediators could damage the airway epithelial cells and might be important to stimulate other cells inducing an amplification of the allergic response. This review focuses on recently emerging data pertaining to the importance of chemokines and chemokine receptors in promoting eosinophil activation and migration during the allergic inflammatory process. The analysis of the function of eosinophils and their chemokine receptors during allergic inflammation might be a good approach to understanding the determinants of asthma severity and to developing novel therapies. Correspondence

The first non-mammalian CXCR3 in a teleost fish: Gene and expression in blood cells and central nervous system in the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…In human and mouse, six different ␣-chemokine receptors denoted as CXCR1 to CXCR6 have so far been reported, and these ␣-chemokine receptors have the role in neutrophil chemotaxis, attraction of Th1 cells, or effector of T cell generation (Oliveira and Lukacs, 2003). Four of the six mammalian CXCRs possess clearly distinguishable orthologues in fish.…”

Pulmonary epithelial CCR3 promotes LPS‐induced lung inflammation by mediating release of IL‐8

“…Each migration step could be regulated by distinct molecules including the chemokines (Zlotnik and Yoshie, 2000;Thelen, 2001;Razavi et al, 2004). Of them, the CC chemokine receptor CCR3 belongs to family 1 of the G protein-coupled receptors binding and responding to a variety of chemokines and highly expresses on multiple cells (Oliveira and Lukacs, 2003). Constitutive expression of the CCR3 receptor was detected on normal human bronchial epithelial cells, bronchial epithelial cell lines, and A549 human alveolar type II epithelial cells (Stellato et al, 2001;Adachi et al, 2004;Heiman et al, 2005).…”

“…Constitutive expression of the CCR3 receptor was detected on normal human bronchial epithelial cells, bronchial epithelial cell lines, and A549 human alveolar type II epithelial cells (Stellato et al, 2001;Adachi et al, 2004;Heiman et al, 2005). CCR3 is involved in the accumulation and activation of inflammatory cells (Oliveira and Lukacs, 2003) and possess of wound repair, epithelial cell proliferation and chemotaxis, and the expression of profibrogenic and chemokine transcripts (Beck et al, 2006).…”

Chemokines and Their Receptors in Chronic Pulmonary Disease

“…There are now at least 10 different receptors and their ligand specificity has not completely been identified [10,11]. The newer receptors of this family (CCR6 thru CCR10) have been less well characterized compared to the first five receptors.…”