Ecological and evolutionary pressures on leishmanial parasites

Shaw, Jeffrey Jon

doi:10.1590/s0100-84551997000100021

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…As with the Multiple Origins hypothesis, the split between Paraleishmania and all other species occurred around the time of the separation of Gondwana ~90-100 mya. The Supercontinent proposal is in agreement with speculations by Shaw (1997), who suggested that an adaptation to mammals occurred around 90 mya when mammals began to radiate and Africa became fully isolated. Additionally, levels of genetic diversity between the 18 Viannia subgenera and Sauroleishmania / Leishmania subgenera have been cited previously as a reflection of vicariance after the separation of South America and Africa (Fernandes et al, 1993).…”

Section: The Multiple Origins Hypothesissupporting

confidence: 89%

Phylogenomic reconstruction supports supercontinent origins for Leishmania

Harkins

Schwartz

Cartwright

et al. 2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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Leishmania, a genus of parasites transmitted to human hosts and mammalian/reptilian reservoirs by an insect vector, is the causative agent of the human disease complex leishmaniasis. The evolutionary relationships within the genus Leishmania and its origins are the source of ongoing debate, reflected in conflicting phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstructions. This study employs a recently described bioinformatics method, SISRS, to identify over 200,000 informative sites across the genome from newly sequenced and publicly available Leishmania data. This dataset is used to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of this genus. Additionally, we constructed a large multi-gene dataset, using it to reconstruct the phylogeny and estimate divergence dates for species. We conclude that the genus Leishmania evolved at least 90-100 million years ago, supporting a modified version of the Multiple Origins hypothesis that we call the Supercontinent hypothesis. According to this scenario, separate Leishmania clades emerged prior to, and during, the breakup of Gondwana. Additionally, we confirm that reptile-infecting Leishmania are derived from mammalian forms and that the species that infect porcupines and sloths form a clade long separated from other species. Finally, we firmly place the guinea-pig infecting species, Leishmaniaenriettii, the globally dispersed Leishmaniasiamensis, and the newly identified Australian species from a kangaroo, as sibling species whose distribution arises from the ancient connection between Australia, Antarctica, and South America.

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Section: The Multiple Origins Hypothesissupporting

confidence: 89%

Phylogenomic reconstruction supports supercontinent origins for Leishmania

Harkins

Schwartz

Cartwright

et al. 2016

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

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“…Based on the suggestion that mammalian Leishmania did not evolve from those of lizards but vice versa[60,61], Lukeš et al [54] proposed that the ancestor of the new world Leishmania evolved in South America and then migrated via the Bering land bridge to Asia via multiple independent genetic loci. The Leishmania lineage would have been dispersed throughout central and/or Southeast Asia, where a major diversification gave rise to L. aethiopica , L. major , L. gerbilli, L. turanica , L. tropica , and the L. donovani complex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of kinetoplast cytochrome b gene of 16 Leishmania isolates from different foci of China: different species of Leishmania in China and their phylogenetic inference

Yang

Chen

et al. 2013

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundLeishmania species belong to the family Trypanosomatidae and cause leishmaniasis, a geographically widespread disease that infects humans and other vertebrates. This disease remains endemic in China. Due to the large geographic area and complex ecological environment, the taxonomic position and phylogenetic relationship of Chinese Leishmania isolates remain uncertain. A recent internal transcribed spacer 1 and cytochrome oxidase II phylogeny of Chinese Leishmania isolates has challenged some aspects of their traditional taxonomy as well as cladistics hypotheses of their phylogeny. The current study was designed to provide further disease background and sequence analysis.MethodsWe systematically analyzed 50 cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequences of 19 isolates (16 from China, 3 from other countries) sequenced after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a special primer for cyt b as well as 31 sequences downloaded from GenBank. After alignment, the data were analyzed using the maximum parsimony, Bayesian and netwok methods.ResultsSequences of six haplotypes representing 10 Chinese isolates formed a monophyletic group and clustered with Leishmania tarentolae. The isolates GS1, GS7, XJ771 of this study from China clustered with other isolates of Leishmania donovani complex. The isolate JS1 was a sister to Leishmania tropica, which represented an L. tropica complex instead of clustering with L. donovani complex or with the other 10 Chinese isolates. The isolates KXG-2 and GS-GER20 formed a monophyletic group with Leishmania turanica from central Asia. In the different phylogenetic trees, all of the Chinese isolates occurred in at least four groups regardless of geographic distribution.ConclusionsThe undescribed Leishmania species of China, which are clearly causative agents of canine leishmaniasis and human visceral leishmaniasis and are related to Sauroleishmania, may have evolved from a common ancestral parasite that came from the Americas and may have split off earlier than the other old world Leishmania. Our results also suggest the following: the isolates GS7, GS1 and XJ771 occur as part of the L. donovani complex; the JS1 isolate is L. tropica; and the isolate GS-GER20 identified as Leishmania gerbilli is close to KXG-2 which is L. turanica.

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“…3,4 In Colombia, increased human movement, mainly because of political instability, encouraged the geographical spread of Leishmania species. 5 Simultaneously, Leishmania parasites have shown their ability to infect additional mammalian hosts 6,7 and use additional phlebotomine species as vectors. [8][9][10] These multiple factors have contributed to a significant increase in CL cases in Colombia in the past decade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phlebotomine Vector Ecology in the Domestic Transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Chaparral, Colombia

Ferro¹,

Marín²,

Góngora³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Phlebotomine vector ecology was studied in the largest recorded outbreak of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia in 2004. In two rural townships that had experienced contrasting patterns of case incidence, this study evaluated phlebotomine species composition, seasonal abundance, nocturnal activity, blood source, prevalence of Leishmania infection, and species identification. CDC miniature light traps were used to trap the phlebotomines. Traps were set indoors, peridomestically, and in woodlands. Natural infection was determined in pools by polymerase chain reaction–Southern blot, and blood sources and species identification were determined by sequencing. Large differences were observed in population abundance between the two townships evaluated. Lutzomyia longiflocosa was the most abundant species (83.1%). Abundance was higher during months with lower precipitation. Nocturnal activity was associated with human domestic activity. Blood sources identified were mainly human (85%). A high prevalence of infection was found in L. longiflocosa indoors (2.7%) and the peridomestic setting (2.5%). L. longiflocosa was responsible for domestic transmission in Chaparral.

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Ecological and evolutionary pressures on leishmanial parasites

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

Phylogenomic reconstruction supports supercontinent origins for Leishmania

Phylogenomic reconstruction supports supercontinent origins for Leishmania

Analysis of kinetoplast cytochrome b gene of 16 Leishmania isolates from different foci of China: different species of Leishmania in China and their phylogenetic inference

Phlebotomine Vector Ecology in the Domestic Transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Chaparral, Colombia

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