Morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)

Abstract

-(morphological, anatomical and biochemical studies on the foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)). morphological, anatomical and biochemical alterations in foliar galls of Alstonia scholaris R. Br. induced by the insect Pauropsylla tuberculata (Psyllidae) are described and quantified. Galls occur isolated or agglomerated on the abaxial surface of the leaf. The insect along with the egg deposits some physiologic fluid which act as a stimulant for the induction of the gall. This stimulus brings about hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia of cells next to the location of the deposited eggs. The psyllid presents three nymphal instars, from eclosion of the egg to the adult. hyperplasia in the palisade cells is very distinctly noticed. hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia takes place and brings about elevation of hypodermal and palisade parenchyma which undergoes repeated anticlinal divisions. neoformation of phloematic bundles were distinctly noticed close to the site of infection. With an increase in the growth of the gall, chlorophyll content in the gall tissue decreases. A steady increase of sugar content is noticed. the immature galled tissue showed almost two fold increases in the protein content. the mature galled tissue showed a very high increase in the proline content compared to the immature galled tissue indicating a stressed condition of the galled tissue.key words -hyperplasia, hypertrophy, Pauropsylla tuberculata RESUMO -(estudos morfológicos, anatômicos e bioquímicos em galhas foliares de Alstonia scholaris (Apocynaceae)). Alterações morfológicas, anatômicas e bioquímicas nas galhas foliares de Alstonia scholaris, induzidas pelo inseto Pauropsylla tuberculata (Psyllidae), são aqui descritas e quantificadas. As galhas ocorrem isoladas ou aglomeradas na superfície abaxial da folha. O inseto, juntamente com os ovos, deposita fluidos fisiológicos que atuam como um estimulante na indução da galha. Este estímulo gera hipertrofia seguida por hiperplasia das células localizadas próximas ao local de deposição dos ovos. O inseto apresenta três estágios de instares ninfais, a partir da eclosão do ovo até o adulto. A hiperplasia das células do parênquima paliçádico é bem distinta. A hipertrofia seguida pela hiperplasia ocorre e causa uma elevação da hipoderme e do parênquima paliçadico que sofre repetidas divisões anticlinais. A neoformação de feixes floemáticos é distinta próxima ao local da infecção. Com o aumento no crescimento da galha, o conteúdo de clorofila nos tecidos da galha diminui. Ocorre um aumento constante no conteúdo de açúcares. O tecido da galha madura mostra um aumento grande no conteúdo de prolina quando comparado ao tecido da galha imatura, indicando a condição de estresse do tecido galhado.

Morphological and anatomical studies on some taxa of family Apocynaceae

“…The cuticle layer is thin and smooth in all of the examined plants. Similar results were reported by (Poornima et al, 2009;Albert et al, 2011;Duarte and Larrosa, 2011) who cited that the epidermis was single layered in Apocynaceae plants.…”

“…respectively. Similar results were reported by (Inamdae et al, 1975;Albert et al, 2011;Duarte and Larrosa, 2011;Formiga et al, 2011) who cited that the vascular bundles were bicollateral in Apocynaceae plants.…”

Potential Plant Growth-Promoting Activity of Pseudomonas sp Isolated from Paddy Soil in Malaysia as Biocontrol Agent

“…The unburst galled tissue showed almost two fold increases in the protein content. The protein content showed an initial increase and registered the highest level during the young galled stage of their development and declined thereafter in the mature burst galled tissue where in the insect had already exited out from the chamber [28]. Synthesis of diverse plant proteins are believed to be important in defense mechanism [29].…”

Galls of Cecidoses eremita Curtis and Eucecidoses minutanus Brèthes (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae) in Magdalena, Buenos Aires Province: preliminary study and associated fauna

“…The response to the stimulus from gall-making insects is the development of a specific morphological structure originated by hypertrophy (abnormal growth) and hyperplasia (increase in cell size). This structure or gall provides food and shelter for the gall-inducing organism (Nieves-Aldrey 1998, Stone & Schönrogge 2003, Albert et al 2011, Dias et al 2013). Galls also show associated fauna of parasitoids and inquiline species (Pujade-Villar & Ros-Farré 1998, Askew et al 2013, Kuzmanich et al 2015.…”