Infection by Toxoplasma gondii in Neotropical non-human primates

Pires, Juliana Soares; Ribeiro, Carlos Torres; Filho, Paulo Roberto de Carvalho; Pissinatti, Alcides; Flausino, Walter; Lopes, Carlos Wilson Gomes

doi:10.1590/s0100-736x2012001000017

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The serological response against T. gondii was well demonstrated in the Cebidae family, 2,4,[17][18][19][20] indicating a specific immune response instead of clinical disease. A reported outbreak demonstrated that seven howler monkeys died from an acute evolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subacute multisystemic toxoplasmosis in a captive black‐and‐gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) indicates therapy challenging

Moreira,

Pereira,

Pissinatti

et al. 2022

J of Medical Primatology

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A 10-year-old black howler monkey presented with a 36-day subacute clinicopathological picture of fever, prostration, inappetence, intestinal hypomotility, and emaciation. Therapy was trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with streptomycin. The liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and spleen presented lesions. Toxoplasma gondii isolation and PCR determined the diagnosis, and indirect fluorescent antibody tests confirmed an increase in antibody titers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subacute multisystemic toxoplasmosis in a captive black‐and‐gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) indicates therapy challenging

Moreira,

Pereira,

Pissinatti

et al. 2022

J of Medical Primatology

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“…from zoos in São Paulo, Brazil (24). The high prevalence of NP in captivity may be due to management practices, including improperly washed fruits or vegetables, and raw or undercooked meat (51, 52), proximity of wild or domestic cats, and invasion of enclosures by infected birds and rodents that might be ingested by NP (51,52). These sources of infection would be similar for male and female NP in captivity, consistent with our findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors associated With Toxoplasma gondii Exposure in Neotropical Primates of Costa Rica

Niehaus

Spínola

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) has been found in more than 350 species of homoeothermic vertebrates in diverse climates and geographic areas. In most animals, T. gondii produces mild or asymptomatic infection. However, acute and hyperacute toxoplasmosis is associated with high mortality rates observed in Neotropical primates (NP) in captivity. These primates are distributed in 20 countries across the Americas, and although infection has been reported in certain countries and species, toxoplasmosis in the wild and its impact on NP population survival is unknown. Differences among species in exposure rates and disease susceptibility may be due in part to differences in host behavior and ecology. Four species of NP are found in Costa Rica, i.e., howler (Alouatta palliata), spider (Ateles geoffroyi), capuchin (Cebus imitator), and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri oerstedii). This study reports NP exposure to T. gondii using the modified agglutination test in 245 serum samples of NP (198 wild and 47 from captivity) from Costa Rica. Associations of serostatus with environmental (forest cover, annual mean temperature), anthropogenic (human population density), and biological (sex) variables in howler and capuchin monkeys were evaluated. The seroprevalence among wild NP was 11.6% (95% CI = 7.7-17.34), compared with 60% in captive monkeys (95% CI = 44.27-73.63), with significant differences between species (X 2 = 20.072; df = 3, p = 0.000164), suggesting an effect of behavior and ecology. In general, antibody titers were low for wild NP (<1:128) and high for captive NP (>1:8192), suggesting higher exposure due to management factors and increased life span in captivity. Seropositivity in howler monkeys was positively related Niehaus et al. Toxoplasma gondii in Neotropical Primates to forest cover and inversely related to annual rainfall. For capuchins, annual rainfall was inversely related to seropositivity. Surveillance of T. gondii exposure in NP in captivity and in the wild is required to understand drivers of the infection and develop novel strategies to protect them.

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“…These results are compatible with other reports in Brazilian literature, since seropositivity for T. gondii has been described in different species of Neotropical primates, particularly among Sapajus sp. kept at different animal rescue centers and in zoos and breeding facilities in Brazil's north, northeast and southeast regions (Minervino et al, 2010;Pires et al, 2012;Ferreira et al, 2015;Feitosa et al, 2017;Marujo et al, 2017). However, the significant association between the order Primates and the seropositivity for anti-T. gondii antibodies observed in RIOZOO may be ascribed to the fact that the number of sampled individuals and diversity of species were numerically higher than those of other mammalian orders.…”

Section: /10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii among captive wild mammals in zoos in Brazil and Cuba: seroprevalence and associated risk factors

Villar-Echarte¹,

Arruda²,

Barbosa

et al. 2021

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of worldwide distribution that can infect several species of homeothermic animals. Few studies have evaluated the exposure of captive wild animals to T. gondii. This study involved a serological survey of anti-T. gondii antibodies in mammals kept in Cuba’s National Zoo (PZN) and in the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (RIOZOO) in Brazil. The study consisted of a total of 231 serum samples from mammals, 108 from PZN and 123 from RIOZOO. All the samples were subjected to IgG anti-T. gondii testing by means of the inhibition ELISA method and the modified agglutination test, respectively. T. gondii antibodies were detected in 85.2% samples from PZN and 32.5% samples from RIOZOO. At the PZN, Perissodactyla (92.3%) was the order with the highest serological prevalence rate, whereas at the RIOZOO, the order Primates (46.7%) stood out (p<0.05). In addition to this association, the origin of the PZN animals was also associated with T. gondii infection. This finding demonstrates the need for constant veterinary monitoring of captive wild mammals in order to link the serological diagnosis with clinical alterations indicative of toxoplasmosis.

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Infection by Toxoplasma gondii in Neotropical non-human primates

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Subacute multisystemic toxoplasmosis in a captive black‐and‐gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) indicates therapy challenging

Subacute multisystemic toxoplasmosis in a captive black‐and‐gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) indicates therapy challenging

Environmental factors associated With Toxoplasma gondii Exposure in Neotropical Primates of Costa Rica

Toxoplasma gondii among captive wild mammals in zoos in Brazil and Cuba: seroprevalence and associated risk factors

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