Spatial distribution of canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil

Paulan, Silvana de Cássia; Silva, Hélio Ricardo; Lima, Elizete Aparecida Checon de Freitas; Flores, Edilson Ferreira; Tachibana, Vilma Mayumi; Kanda, Claudia Zukeran; Noronha, Antonio Carlos Faconti de; Dobre, Paulo Rogério

doi:10.1590/s0100-69162012000400016

Cited by 13 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…According to Noronha Junior et al (2007), Ilha Solteira is considered endemic for CVL, where the reported prevalence rates were 14% in the urban areas (PAULAN et al, 2012) and 37.7% in the rural areas (PAULAN et al, 2013).…”

Section: Animals and Local Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of several methods for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosis

Silva

Starke-Buzetti

Alves-Martin

et al. 2014

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the serological methods using ELISA with recombinant-rK39 (ELISA-rK-39) and soluble extract-SE (ELISA-SE) antigens, the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in comparison to an immunochromatography rapid diagnostic test (RDT-rK39) and with a direct parasitological exam (PA) for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) diagnosis. The results showed that 89% (60/67) of the dogs were positive for at least one serological diagnostic test. ELISA-SE was the test that detected anti-Leishmania antibodies in the serum of the highest number of dogs (71.6%) followed by ELISA-rK39 (65.7%), IFAT (65.7%) and RDT-rK39 (55.2%). PA detected the lowest numbers (40.3%) of positive dogs. In relation to the total of examined dogs, the Kappa indexes (p ≤ 0.05) showed a good agreement between ELISA-SE and IFAT (88.1%; k = 0.7237), and it was also observed in the comparison of RDT-rK39 with ELISA-SE (83.6%, k= 0.6561), IFAT (83.5%, k= 0.6605) and PA (85.0%, k= 0.7074). A bad agreement was detected in any association of ELISA-rk39 with the other tests in either symptomatic or asymptomatic animals. ELISA as well as RDT using recombinant antigenic protein (rK39) were the methods that detected the lowest prevalence rates (33.3%) of CVL in asymptomatic dogs. In conclusion, only one test does not adequately identify dogs with CVL and it is necessary the association of two or more diagnostic tests. Because of the good agreement indexes of RDT-rK39 when evaluated with ELISA-SE, IFAT and PA it was suggested as a complementary method to be used in association with either ELISA-SE or IFAT, particularly in the symptomatic dogs. Furthermore, new studies are recommended in order to improve the sensitivity of tests mainly for asymptomatic dogs.Keywords: CVL, diagnosis, dogs, Leishmania infantum, rK39, RDT. ResumoO objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os métodos sorológicos usando ELISA (Ensaio Imunoenzimático Indireto) com o antígeno recombinante rK39 (ELISA-rK39) e o antígeno extrato solúvel bruto (ELISA-ES) e a RIFI (Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta) em comparação com o método imunocromatográfico rápido (RDT-rK39) e o parasitológico direto (PA), para o diagnóstico da Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) em cães de Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brasil. Os resultados mostraram que 89% (60/67) dos cães foram positivos por pelo menos um teste diagnóstico sorológico (RIFI, ELISA-ES, ELISA-rk39 ou RDT-rK39) e somente 40,3% (27/67) foram positivos pelo PA. O ELISA-ES foi o teste que detectou anticorpos anti-Leishmania em maior número de cães (71,6%) seguido por ELISArK39, RIFI (65,7%) e por 2%). No total de cães analisados (assintomáticos e sintomáticos), o índice Kappa de concordância (p ≤ 0,05) foi considerado de boa concordância entre ELISA-ES e IFAT (88,1%; k= 0,7237) e entre RDT-rK39 com ELISA-ES (83,6%, k= 0,6561), RIFI (83,5%, k= 0,6605) e PA (85,0%, k= 0,7074). O índice de concordância ruim foi observado em qualquer associação de ELISA-rk39 com todos os outros testes nos animais sintomáticos ...

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Section: Animals and Local Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of several methods for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosis

Silva

Starke-Buzetti

Alves-Martin

et al. 2014

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…This adaptation can contribute towards allowing it to become established under different environmental conditions, thereby increasing the sand fly population and dispersing it to many varied habitats (PAULAN et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Phlebotominae) and canine visceral leishmaniasis in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

Spada

Silva

Martins³

et al. 2014

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis and also the canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, state of São Paulo. Blood samples were collected from 32 dogs from different rural properties (small farms) and were analyzed by ELISA and the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) in order to diagnose CVL. From these serological tests, 31.25% of the dogs were positive for CVL and these were distributed in 66.7% (8/12) of the rural properties, which were positive for L. longipalpis. CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) light traps were installed in 12 properties (one per property) and insects were caught on three consecutive days per month for one year. L. longipalpis was present on 100% of the rural properties visited, at least once during the twelve-month interval, totaling 64 males and 25 females. The insects were more numerous after the peak of the rain, but the association between prevalence of peridomestic vectors and the climatic data (precipitation, relative air humidity and temperature) and the occurrences of CVL among dogs on each rural property were not statistical significant (p < 0.05). However, the occurrence of CVL cases in dogs and the presence of L. longipalpis indicate that more attention is necessairy for the control of this disease in the rural area studied.

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“…Em regiões endêmicas, a LV é caracterizada por uma distribuição desigual com focos de transmissão discretos, devido a condições ecológicas que incidem na manutenção do vetor, como a presença de vegetação (CABRERA et al, 2003;ALMEIDA et al, 2009;BARBOSA et al, 2010;BELO et al, 2013). A taxa de transmissão diminui à medida que a distância a partir do foco de transmissão aumenta, pois a dispersão dos flebótomos é limitada, em torno de 250 metros (PAULAN et al, 2012).…”

Section: Fatores Ambientaisunclassified

“…Um dos primeiros passos de uma análise epidemiológica é a visualização espacial das características do conjunto de dados (PFEIFFER et al, 2008). Os métodos utilizados para essa finalidade estão descritos nos itens 4.5.1.1 e 4.5.1.2.…”

Section: Visualização Espacialunclassified

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<b>Análise espacial da leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Panorama, São Paulo, Brasil</b>

Brandão¹

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Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonosis of great importance for public health, having worldwide distribution and complex epidemiology. Despite several control strategies, the disease continues to expand, being dogs its main reservoir. Considering that spatial analysis is useful to better understand the disease dynamics, to evaluate risk factors and to complement prevention and control programs, this study aimed to characterize the distribution of canine visceral leishmaniasis and relate it to spatial features in Panorama, an endemic city of São Paulo State, Brazil. Using secondary data collected in a serological survey between August 2012 and January 2013, 986 dogs were classified as positive and negative for leishmaniasis. Later, a spatial analysis was conducted comprising from data visualization to the elaboration of a relative risk map, undergoing global (K function) and local cluster analysis (spatial scan). To evaluate a possible relation between the detected cluster and vegetation in the study area, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was calculated. The prevalence in the studied dog population was 20.3% (200/986). Spatial visualization showed that both positive and negative animals were distributed throughout the study area. Intensity map of positive animals showed two sites of possible clusters compared to the intensity map of negative animals. A cluster was detected in a central region of the city, with a relative risk of 2.63 (p=0,01). The spatial variation of the relative risk in the study area was mapped and the same region was identified as a significant high risk area (p<0.05). No differences were observed in the vegetation pattern comparing the cluster internal and external areas. Therefore, further studies should be conducted in order to understand other risk factors that may have led to the occurrence of the described cluster. The prevalence data, the cluster location and the relative risk map provide subsidies for the efforts of the city epidemiological surveillance department towards high risk areas. This can save resources and improve control of visceral leishmaniasis in the study area.

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Spatial distribution of canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Comparative evaluation of several methods for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosis

Comparative evaluation of several methods for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis diagnosis

Occurrence of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Phlebotominae) and canine visceral leishmaniasis in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil

<b>Análise espacial da leishmaniose visceral canina no município de Panorama, São Paulo, Brasil</b>

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