A simple method for the spectrophotometric determination of cephalosporins in pharmaceuticals using variamine blue

Abstract

A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefadroxil and cephalexin with variamine blue is presented. The determination is based on the hydrolysis of β-lactam ring of cephalosporins with sodium hydroxide which subsequently reacts with iodate to liberate iodine in acidic medium. The liberated iodine oxidizes variamine blue to violet colored species of maximum absorption at 556 nm. The absorbance is measured within the pH range of 4.0-4.2. Beer's law is obeyed in the range of 0.5-5.8 µg mL -1 , 0.2-7.0 µg mL -1 , 0.2-5.0 µg mL -1 and 0.5-8.5 µg mL -1 for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefadroxil and cephalexin respectively. The analytical parameters were optimized and the method is successfully applied for the determination of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefadroxil and cephalexin in pharmaceuticals.

A Review of Methods for Removal of Ceftriaxone from Wastewater

“…Absorption spectroscopy methods such as ultraviolet (UV) [ 14 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ], infrared spectroscopy [ 14 , 88 , 90 , 91 , 92 ], spectrofluorimetry [ 14 , 93 ], microbiological methods [ 14 , 94 , 95 ], and capillary zone electrophoresis [ 96 ] have also been used for the analysis of ceftriaxone. When used as an identification technique, UV has limited selectivity because multiple compounds may have the same or similar spectra.…”

A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Quantification of Cefotaxime

“…The detector used was a UV detector at 235 nm. The determination of the mg/mL Pasha and Narayana (2008) API b-lactam attached to the 2-aminothiazol-4-yl-2-alkoxyiminoacetamido form purple colored complex or cherry red after reacting with sodium nitrite in acid medium. Quantification was performed at 500 nm.…”

Indirect Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Cefadroxil in its Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparations

“…A variety of techniques have been used for the determination of cefadroxil: Chromatography (Ting, 1988;Manna and Valvo, 2004;Ravi et al, 2008;Karageorgou and Samanidou, 2010), flow injection (Awni et al, 1999;Thongpoon et al, 2006), and fluorometry (Yang et al, 1998;El-Walily et al, 1999). Also, various spectrophotometric methods have been used in the determination of cefadroxil in pure form and in its pharmaceuitical preparations used for various reagents such as diazotised benzocaine in the presence of triethylamine (El-Ashry et al, 2000), diazotised p-nitroaniline (Othman et al, 2006), 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of an alkaline oxidizing agent (Aly et al,1994), 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride in the presence of ceric ammonium sulphate, 4-aminophenazone in the presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), 2,6-dichloroquinone-4-chlorimide (Sastry et al,1997), Cu(II) and V(V) in sulphuric acid (Badawy et al, 1993), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in presence of sodium hydroxide and stannous chloride (Prasad et al, 2004), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinine (Al-Ghabsha et al, 2007), molybdophosphoric acid as an oxidising agent (Issopoulos,1989), Ce (IV) or Fe (III) (Salem and Saleh, 2002), bromated-bromide mixture in acidic medium (Mallapu et al, 2011) 1, 2naphthaquinone-4-sulphonic acid sodium in alkaline medium (Kumar et al, 2011), variamine (Pasha and Narayana, 2008), quercetin (Gamal et al, 2009) after nitration and subsequent complexation with a nucleophilic reagent, nitrosation and subsequent metal chelation, coupling with diazo reagent, reaction with copper and extraction of the resulting chelate into chloroform (Salem, 2004), sodium hydroxide (Shantier, 2011) and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (Azza et al, 2010).…”