Emissões naturais e antrópicas de nitrogênio, fósforo e metais para a bacia do Rio Macaé (Macaé, RJ, Brasil) sob influência das atividades de exploração de petroleo e gás na Bacia de Campos

Abstract

Recebido em 24/2/12; aceito em 14/8/12; publicado na web em 29/11/12 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS AND METALS INTO THE MACAÉ RIVER BASIN (MACAÉ, RJ, BRAZIL) INFLUENCED BY OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION IN CAMPOS BASIN. Emission factors of natural processes and anthropogenic activities were used to estimate nutrients and metal loads for the lower Macaé river basin, which hosts the operational base for the offshore oil and gas exploration in the Campos Basin. The estimates indicated that emissions from anthropogenic activities are higher than natural emissions. Major contributing drivers include husbandry and urbanization, whose effluents receive no treatment. The increasing offshore oil exploration along the Brazilian littoral has resulted in rapid urbanization and, therefore might increase the inshore emission of anthropogenic chemicals in cases where effective residue control measures are not implemented in fluvial basins of the region.

First Evaluation of Genotoxicity of Macaé (Rj) Estuarine Waters

“…From comparison to the threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) proposed by MacDonald et al (1996), metals and PAHs in sediments from the Macaé river estuary were below of such levels and should not be associated to adverse biological effects. However, when compared to the Brazilian sediment quality guidelines proposed by Choueri et al (2009), the results indicated moderate toxicity of these estuarine sediments based on exceeded of maximum Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V and PAH concentrations for some sites and sampling periods (Molisani et al, 2013b).…”

“…This condition is illustrated by the total PAHs in waters which ranged from no detectable concentrations to 120 ng/g, being this maximum value also measured at Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro state), an area which is considered chronically contaminated by oil derivatives (Berenger, 2013;Wagener et al, 2012). In addition, bottom sediments of the estuary also displayed low total PAH concentrations (maximum of 70 ng/g), but with the presence of PAH compounds such as pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (Molisani et al, 2013b) that are described as carcinogenic PAHs and proven to be genotoxic (Hamoutene et al, 2002;Jha, 2004;Lemos et al, 2007;Weber et al, 2013). As a consequence of oil derivative presence in the estuary, high levels of such compounds in mussel from the estuary were found (2,876-6,101 µg/kg) (Santiago et al, 2016), values close to those reported in 2007 for mussel tissue from Guanabara Bay (4,000-6,000 µg/kg) by Francioni et al (2007).…”

“…Finally, the chemical composition of estuarine sediments was assessed and compared to sediment quality guidelines from international (TEL and PEL) and Brazilian coastal areas (Molisani et al, 2013b). From comparison to the threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) proposed by MacDonald et al (1996), metals and PAHs in sediments from the Macaé river estuary were below of such levels and should not be associated to adverse biological effects.…”

Sustainability in Phosphorus Use: A Question of Water and Food Security

“…A eutrofização, um dos principais problemas dos ambientes aquáticos, é causada pelo aporte excessivo de nutrientes, predominantemente nitrogênio e fósforo, provenientes de esgotos sanitários urbanos e rurais, efluentes industriais, escoamentos superficiais urbanos e de regiões agrícolas. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Não há elementos que possam substituir as funções vitais do fósforo nos organismos vivos, tampouco o seu papel no cenário da segurança alimentar. Como agravantes, os padrões globais de produção e consumo de alimentos contribuem de forma significativa para a elevação dos índices de eutrofização das águas doces e marinhas em escala global, 24 ao mesmo tempo em que provocam uma incerteza quanto à disponibilidade futura de rocha fosfática.…”

Produção audiovisual no contexto da educação ambiental exigida no licenciamento de petróleo e gás no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

“…No estuário do rio Macaé, encontram-se elevados níveis de metais pesados e hidrocarbonetos (Molisani et al, 2013a;2013b), sofrendo forte pressão por atividades urbanas (Soffiati, 2015). Na Lagoa de Araruama, observa-se a presença de cianobactérias (Silva et al, 2011).…”