“…These multi-strata and multi-species systems of natural resource exploitation can incorporate small stock, stagger harvest times, have labor flexibility, engage local fisheries, and cycle materials (Pereira et al 2015;Coomes and Barham 1994;Pinedo-Vasquez et al 2002;Padoch et al 2008;Perrault-Archambault and Coomes 2008;Manzi and Coomes 2009;Coomes et al 2010Coomes et al , 2015Vogt et al 2015Vogt et al , 2016. The different, varied forms of rural, peri-urban, and urban agriculture are important providers of agro-diversity conservation, and other forms of ecosystem services (Padoch and Pinedo-Vasquez 2010;Beyerlein and Pereira 2018). Under-recognized, but increasingly important, are the roles these agroforestry-urban ecosystems play in the larger issue of environmental services support, such as in moderating heat island effects, which are certain to become more severe in the future, or wind and water infiltration (de Souza and Alvala 2014; Fernandez et al 2015;Livesley et al 2016), and, increasingly, food security.…”