Age and multiple mating effects on reproductive success of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

Host plants will affect the performance and population dynamics of the polyphagous insect pest Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Cultivar‐level variability needs to be considered in assessing the performance of G. molesta. We evaluated the fitness of G. molesta on five apple varieties in the laboratory by placing eggs on apples and observing their performance including survival, development, and fecundity of the adult insect. Our results demonstrated differences between indices such as larval duration, pupal weight, egg production, length of tunnel, and exiting rate of larvae, which gave similar host rankings. Variety Danxia was less suitable than Jinqing and Shuohong, and more suitable than Empire and Jinxing. However, other indices such as pupal duration, total pre‐oviposition time, and the estimated population parameters resulted in a different host ranking. We calculated weighted fitness scores to overcome the problem of inconsistent rankings. Empire changed from being the second highest ranking variety based on all population parameters to the second lowest using weighted fitness scores. The difference in ranking observed between apple varieties demonstrates the care needed in predicting population performance in the field using single traits.

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“…The result was similar to that of Morais et al. (), who reported a positive relationship between fertility and longevity of G. molesta adults.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Adults emerging from Jinqing and Shuohong survived longer and laid more eggs than on the other varieties, thus they produced more offspring. The result was similar to that of Morais et al (2012), who reported a positive relationship between fertility and longevity of G. molesta adults.…”

Section: Tablesupporting

confidence: 88%

Methods to measure performance of Grapholitha molesta on apples of five varieties

Wang

Kong

Zhao

et al. 2018

Entomologia Exp Applicata

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“…2 , B). This effect may reflect delayed mating by stressed males [27] , [28] , [53] , which can lead to a decline in female reproduction in G. molesta [54] , [55] . The longer pre-oviposition period was also associated somewhat with a reduction in female fecundity and duration of the oviposition period ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Single Hot Event Stimulates Adult Performance but Reduces Egg Survival in the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta

Liang

Zhang

et al. 2014

PLoS ONE

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Climate warming is expected to increase the exposure of insects to hot events (involving a few hours at extreme high temperatures). These events are unlikely to cause widespread mortality but may modify population dynamics via impacting life history traits such as adult fecundity and egg hatching. These effects and their potential impact on population predictions are still largely unknown. In this study, we simulated a single hot event (maximum of 38°C lasting for 4 h) of a magnitude increasingly found under field conditions and examined its effect in the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta. This hot event had no impact on the survival of G. molesta adults, copulation periods or male longevity. However, the event increased female lifespan and the length of the oviposition period, leading to a potential increase in lifetime fecundity and suggesting hormesis. In contrast, exposure of males to this event markedly reduced the net reproductive value. Male heat treatment delayed the onset of oviposition in the females they mated with, as well as causing a decrease in the duration of oviposition period and lifetime fecundity. Both male and female stress also reduced egg hatch. Our findings of hormetic effects on female performance but concurrent detrimental effects on egg hatch suggest that hot events have unpredictable consequences on the population dynamics of this pest species with implications for likely effects associated with climate warming.

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“…This has been shown in numbers of Lepidoptera including the Ant‐tended lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras (Hughes et al ., ), the Speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria (Vande Velde et al ., ), and the oriental peach moth, Grapholita molesta (de Morais et al ., ). After several matings, males may also experience fatigue, which biological signs include either the need for a recovery period before producing another spermatophore (Kaitala & Wiklund, ; Bissoondath & Wiklund, ), an increased copulation length (Hughes et al ., , but see Watanabe et al ., for contradicting results in the Sulfur butterfly), and sperm depletion or increased proportion of nonfertile sperm in the ejaculate leading to lower paternity (Charlat et al ., ; de Morais et al ., ; Kehl et al ., ). However, as shown in the small heath butterfly, Coenonympha pamphilus (Cahenzli & Erhardt, ), males may also improve their reproductive output (offspring hatching mass) by feeding on nectar and transferring amino acid‐rich spermatophores during reproductive period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Impact of male condition on his spermatophore and consequences for female reproductive performance in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

et al. 2017

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In butterflies, male reproductive success is highly related to the quality and the size of the spermatophore transferred to the female. The spermatophore is a capsule produced by the male during copulation, which in many species contains sperm in addition to a nuptial gift, and which is digested by the female after copulation. The nuptial gift may contribute to egg production and offspring quality, and in some cases also to female body maintenance. The production of the spermatophore, however, represents a cost for the male and, in polyandrous species, ejaculates are sometimes allocated adaptively across matings. Nonetheless, although the ecological factors affecting the reproductive success of female butterflies have been the topic of numerous studies, little information exists on the factors affecting males' contribution to reproduction, and the indirect impacts on female fecundity and fitness. We used the Glanville fritillary butterfly, Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) (Nymphalidae), in order to assess variation in male allocation to matings. In this species, smaller males produce smaller spermatophores, but variation in spermatophore size is not correlated with female reproductive success. We show that spermatophore size increases with male age at first mating, decreases with mating frequency and adult food-deprivation, and is not influenced by developmental food-limitation. The length of copulation period does not influence the spermatophore size nor influences the polyandrous mating behavior in this species. Male contribution to his spermatophore size is clearly influenced by his condition and adult-resource at the time of mating. Despite this variation, spermatophore size does not seem to have a direct impact on female reproductive output or mating behavior.

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Age and multiple mating effects on reproductive success of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)

Cited by 12 publications

References 34 publications

Methods to measure performance of Grapholitha molesta on apples of five varieties

Methods to measure performance of Grapholitha molesta on apples of five varieties

A Single Hot Event Stimulates Adult Performance but Reduces Egg Survival in the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta

Impact of male condition on his spermatophore and consequences for female reproductive performance in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

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