External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: VIII. Philaethria wernickei (Röber) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae)

Abstract

ABSTRACT. External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: VIII. Philaethria wernickei (Röber) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae). The external features of egg, larva, and pupa of Philaethria wernickei (Röber, 1906) are described and illustrated, based upon light and scanning electron microscopy.

External morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconians: X. Heliconius sara apseudes (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae)

“…Bars = 200, 200, 500, 100, 100, 20, 10, 10, 50, 100 and 100 mm, respectively. As in the first instar, the gross morphology and chaetotaxy of the subsequent instars of H. sara apseudes fit the general pattern described for Heliconiini (Beebe et al, 1960;Antunes et al, 2002;Kaminski et al, 2002Kaminski et al, , 2008Tavares et al, 2002;Paim et al, 2004;Silva et al, 2006Silva et al, , 2008Barão & Moreira, 2010;Vargas et al, 2014). From the second to fifth instars, the coloration of H. sara apseudes differs from those of H. besckei, H. erato phyllis and H. ethilla narcaea, which have the head in varying shades of yellow and the body white with black spots.…”

“…Three pairs of scoli from AB1 to AB8, one dorsal (So) pair, one supra-spiracular (Sp) pair, and one subspiracular (Sl) pair, following the Heliconiini pattern (e.g., Kaminski et al, 2008;Silva et al, 2008;Barão & Moreira, 2010). Abdominal scoli shorter than height of abdominal segments, as in H. erato phyllis .…”

“…Vargas et al, 2014). Last, although lepidopteran AB9 chaetotaxy is very diverse (e.g., Nakanishi, 1988;Paluch et al, 1999Paluch et al, , 2001Murray, 2001;Casagrande, 2002;Sakamaki & Hayakawa, 2004;Ballmer & Wright, 2008), the clustering of D2 and SD1 setae on the same pinnacle is not reported for any other species of Heliconiini (ex : Fleming, 1960;Antunes et al, 2002;Tavares et al, 2002;Kaminski et al, 2002Kaminski et al, , 2008Paim et al, 2004;Silva et al, 2006Silva et al, , 2008Barão & Moreira, 2010;Vargas et al, 2014).…”

“…From the second to fifth instars, the coloration of H. sara apseudes differs from those of H. besckei, H. erato phyllis and H. ethilla narcaea, which have the head in varying shades of yellow and the body white with black spots. The multiple setae on apex of Sc and So on T2 projected anteriorly and larger than any other scoli are also unique features of H. sara apseudes larvae (Beebe et al, 1960;Tavares et al, 2002;Kaminski et al, 2002Kaminski et al, , 2008Paim et al, 2004;Silva et al, 2006Silva et al, , 2008Barão & Moreira, 2010;Vargas et al, 2014).…”

“…As part of a series of articles focusing on the external morphology of the immature stages of Neotropical heliconiines (Antunes et al, 2002;Kaminski et al, 2002Kaminski et al, , 2008Tavares et al, 2002;Paim et al, 2004;Silva et al, 2006Silva et al, , 2008Barão & Moreira, 2010;Vargas et al, 2014), here we describe and illustrate in detail the early stages of H. sara apseudes based on light and scanning electron microscopy.…”