Immune homeostasis to microorganisms in the guts of triatomines (Reduviidae): a review

Garcia, Elói S.; Castro, Daniele P.; Figueiredo, Marcela B.

doi:10.1590/s0074-02762010000500001

Cited by 38 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Furthermore, insect vectors possess gut microbiota composed of mutualistic and pathogenic bacteria [14] which are modulated by the AMPs to maintain the gut homeostasis [21]. In the present study, the results showed that oral infection with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differentially altered the antimicrobial activity and AMP expression patterns in the insect’s midgut.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…In addition, the inhibition of antibacterial activity observed in the anterior midgut content treated with trypsin or incubated at 100°C indicate that AMPs and lysozymes are the molecules involved [40]. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that all the antimicrobial activity recorded derived solely from these peptides since reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) have been detected previously [21,41,50]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mutualistic microbiota of insects not only supplies essential nutrients but also aids digestion and the control of pathogenic microorganisms by modulating the immune responses [13,14]. Moreover, several studies have shown the importance of the microbiota in regulating insect genes involved in maintaining homeostasis of the gut [15-21]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humoral responses in Rhodnius prolixus: bacterial feeding induces differential patterns of antibacterial activity and enhances mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides in the midgut

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe triatomine, Rhodnius prolixus, is a major vector of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease in Latin America. It has a strictly blood-sucking habit in all life stages, ingesting large amounts of blood from vertebrate hosts from which it can acquire pathogenic microorganisms. In this context, the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the midgut of the insect is vital to control possible infection, and to maintain the microbiota already present in the digestive tract.MethodsIn the present work, we studied the antimicrobial activity of the Rhodnius prolixus midgut in vitro against the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. We also analysed the abundance of mRNAs encoding for defensins, prolixicin and lysozymes in the midgut of insects orally infected by these bacteria at 1 and 7 days after feeding.ResultsOur results showed that the anterior midgut contents contain a higher inducible antibacterial activity than those of the posterior midgut. We observed that the main AMP encoding mRNAs in the anterior midgut, 7 days after a blood meal, were for lysozyme A, B, defensin C and prolixicin while in the posterior midgut lysozyme B and prolixicin transcripts predominated.ConclusionOur findings suggest that R. prolixus modulates AMP gene expression upon ingestion of bacteria with patterns that are distinct and dependent upon the species of bacteria responsible for infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Humoral responses in Rhodnius prolixus: bacterial feeding induces differential patterns of antibacterial activity and enhances mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides in the midgut

et al. 2014

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“…Several works have demonstrated that the parasite infection depends on the microbiota of the insects because it is important to maintain the gut homeostasis which gives the insect resistance to invasion by other microorganisms (Garcia et al, 2010). We know that the microbiota of Anopheles, Aedes and Rhodnius are important for the development and infection of parasites and viruses (Castro et al, 2012;Cirimotich et al, 2011;DiazAlbiter et al, in press;Dong et al, 2009;Walker et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the physalin B treatment can result in an increase in bacteria growth. The normal concentration of microbiota in the insect gut is responsible for the gut homeostasis, which maintains the insect immune responses activated and prepared to eliminate parasite infections (Garcia et al, 2010). Moreover, the microbiota can have trypanolytic activity, as observed by Serratia marcescens, a bacterium isolated from the gut of R. prolixus with strong lytic effect on T. cruzi (Azambuja et al, 2004(Azambuja et al, , 2005.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physalin B inhibits Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the gut of Rhodnius prolixus by affecting the immune system and microbiota

Castro

Moraes

Gonzalez

et al. 2012

Journal of Insect Physiology

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Physalin B is a natural secosteroidal, extracted from the Solanaceae plant, Physalis angulata, and it presents immune-modulator effects on the bloodsucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. In this work, R. prolixus was treated with physalin B at a concentration of 1 mg/ml of blood meal (oral application), or 20 ng/insect (applied topically) or 57 ng/cm(2) of filter paper (contact treatment), and infected with Trypanosoma cruzi Dm28c clone (2×10(6) epimastigotes/insect). The three types of applications significantly decreased the number of T. cruzi Dm28c in the gut comparing with the non-treated infected insects (controls). All groups of infected insects treated with physalin B had higher numbers of bacterial microbiota in the gut than the non-treated controls infected with T. cruzi. We observed that the infected physalin B insects with topical and contact treatments had a lower antibacterial activity in the gut when compared with control infected insects. Furthermore, infected insects with the physalin B oral treatment produced higher levels of nitrite and nitrate in the gut than control infected insects. These results demonstrate that physalin B decreases the T. cruzi transmission by inhibiting the parasite development in the insect vector R. prolixus. Herein the importance of physalin B modulation on the immune system and microbiota population in terms of parasite development and transmission are discussed.

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The Immune System of Triatomines

Salcedo-Porras

Lowenberger

2021

Triatominae - The Biology of Chagas Disease Vectors

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Immune homeostasis to microorganisms in the guts of triatomines (Reduviidae): a review

Cited by 38 publications

References 62 publications

Humoral responses in Rhodnius prolixus: bacterial feeding induces differential patterns of antibacterial activity and enhances mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides in the midgut

Humoral responses in Rhodnius prolixus: bacterial feeding induces differential patterns of antibacterial activity and enhances mRNA levels of antimicrobial peptides in the midgut

Physalin B inhibits Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the gut of Rhodnius prolixus by affecting the immune system and microbiota

The Immune System of Triatomines

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