The Immune System of Triatomines

Salcedo-Porras, Nicolás; Lowenberger, Carl

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64548-9_14

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 262 publications

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“…Immune effector molecules include AMPs, nitric oxide, phenoloxidases, and protease inhibitors. Much of the information concerning these pathways has been obtained from studies in Drosophila melanogaster (see [33][34][35] but these pathways are now well described in R. prolixus for reviews (see 24,27). Infections with trypanosomes and bacteria trigger a tissue specific immune response in R. prolixus, modulating the expression of AMPs in the fat body and/or midgut that include lysozymes A and B (Lys-A and B), prolixicin, and defensins A-C (36,37).…”

Section: Immune Pathways and Ampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With immunity in mind, it is worth noting that R. prolixus , like other Triatomines, can ingest Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes present in the blood meal. In contrast to other vector borne parasites (such as Trypanosoma rangeli in R. prolixus ) that invade the hemocoel and replicate in the salivary glands, T. cruzi replicates only within the digestive tract, from where R. prolixus can transmit the infective forms (present in the hindgut), in its urine and feces following gorging ( 24 ). If T. cruzi enters the hemocoel of R. prolixus it is killed by the innate immune system, but this does not occur for T. rangeli .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also express organic solute transporters, detoxification-related genes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), carboxylesterases (CEs), and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters; with phases I and II of detoxification capitalizing on the metabolic enzymes, and phase III of detoxification involving the transporters. Hence, Malpighian tubules may now be considered an immune responsive tissue, in addition to the canonical immune tissues, the fat body and the midgut (23)(24)(25).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus: More than post-prandial diuresis

et al. 2023

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Rhodnius prolixus, a major vector of Chagas disease, may be considered the model upon which the foundations of insect physiology and biochemistry were built. It is an obligate blood feeder in which the blood meal triggers growth, development and reproduction. The blood meal also triggers a post-prandial diuresis to maintain osmotic homeostasis. In R. prolixus, as with other insects, the Malpighian tubules play a critical role in this diuresis, and much has been learned about diuresis in R. prolixus, and in other model insects. But the post-genomic era has brought new insights, identifying functions quite apart from diuresis for Malpighian tubules. Indeed, microarrays, transcriptomes, and proteomics have revealed the major roles that Malpighian tubules play in immunity, detoxification, pesticide resistance, and in tolerance to overall stress. This is particularly relevant to R. prolixus since gorging on blood creates several challenges in addition to osmotic balance. Xenobiotics may be present in the blood or toxins may be produced by metabolism of blood; and these must be neutralized and excreted. These processes have not been well described at the molecular level for Malpighian tubules of R. prolixus. This paper will review the involvement of Malpighian tubules in immunity and detoxification, identifying new aspects for Malpighian tubule physiology of R. prolixus by virtue of a transcriptome analysis. The transcriptome analysis indicates the potential of Malpighian tubules of R. prolixus to mount a robust innate immune response, and to contribute to antioxidant production and heme detoxification.

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Section: Immune Pathways and Ampsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus: More than post-prandial diuresis

et al. 2023

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“…There are a large number of reviews in the last 10 years related to insect vector immunity including e.g., [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Most of these deal with a single group, genus or species of vector insects or even just with one key aspect of immunity such as the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), signal molecules or infections caused by one particular parasite or pathogen.…”

Section: Introduction—the Good the Bad And The Incredible About The I...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens

Ratcliffe,

Mello,

Castro

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present knowledge of the interactions of vector insects with their invading parasites and pathogens. It is a way of introducing this Special Issue with subsequent papers presenting the latest details of these interactions in each particular group of vectors. Hopefully, this paper will fill a void in the literature since brief descriptions of vector immunity have now been brought together in one publication and could form a starting point for those interested and new to this important area. Descriptions are given on the immune reactions of mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies, tsetse flies, lice, fleas and triatomine bugs. Cellular and humoral defences are described separately but emphasis is made on the co-operation of these processes in the completed immune response. The paper also emphasises the need for great care in extracting haemocytes for subsequent study as appreciation of their fragile nature is often overlooked with the non-sterile media, smearing techniques and excessive centrifugation sometimes used. The potential vital role of eicosanoids in the instigation of many of the immune reactions described is also discussed. Finally, the priming of the immune system, mainly in mosquitoes, is considered and one possible mechanism is presented.

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“…In the salivary glands of triatomines, several genes encoding antimicrobial peptides of different masses are expressed: defensins (4 kDa), pacifastin‐like protease inhibitors (4 kDa), short‐trialysins (6.1 kDa), diptericin (9 kDa), prolixicin (11 kDa), histones (13, 15 kDa), triatox (14.8 kDa), lysozymes (15 kDa), hemolysin‐like proteins (16 kDa), attacins (20 kDa), and trialysins (22 kDa) (Assumpção et al, 2012; Flores‐Villegas et al, 2015; Praça et al, 2022; Ribeiro et al, 2012, 2014; Salcedo‐Porras & Lowenberger, 2019, 2021; Santiago et al, 2020). So far in the saliva of different species of triatomines only one attacin, one prolixicin, one triatox, and one diptericin, but up to eight defensins, eight trialysins, and five lysozymes have been found (reviewed by Salcedo‐Porras & Lowenberger, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriolytic activity in saliva of the hematophagous Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae) and novel characterization and expression site of a third lysozyme

Meiser

Klenner

Balczun

et al. 2023

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Saliva of hematophagous insects contains many different compounds, mainly acting as anticoagulants. Investigating the bacteriolytic compounds of the saliva of the bloodsucking Triatoma infestans photometrically between pH 3 and pH 10 using unfed fifth instars and nymphs up to 15 days after feeding, we found bacteriolytic activity against lyophilized Micrococcus luteus was stronger at pH 4 and pH 6. After feeding, the activity level at pH 4 was unchanged, but at pH 6 more than doubled between 3 and 7 days after feeding. In zymographs of the saliva and after incubation at pH 4, bacteriolytic activity against Micrococcus luteus was present at eight lysis zones between 14.1 and 38.5 kDa, showing the strongest activity at 24.5 kDa. After incubation at pH 6, lysis zones only appeared at 15.3, 17, and 31.4 kDa. Comparing zymographs of the saliva of unfed and fed nymphs, bacteriolytic activity at 17 kDa increased after feeding. In total nine lysis bands appeared, also at >30 kDa, so far unreported in the saliva of triatomines. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotides based on the previously described lysozyme gene of T. infestans, TiLys1, verified expression of genes encoding TiLys1 and TiLys2 in the salivary glands, but also of an undescribed third lysozyme, TiLys3, of which the cloned cDNA shares characteristics with other c‐type lysozymes of insects. While TiLys1 was expressed in the tissue of all three salivary glands, transcripts of TiLys2 and of TiLys3 seem to be present only in the gland G1 and G3, respectively.

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The Immune System of Triatomines

Cited by 4 publications

References 262 publications

Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus: More than post-prandial diuresis

Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus: More than post-prandial diuresis

Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens

Bacteriolytic activity in saliva of the hematophagous Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae) and novel characterization and expression site of a third lysozyme

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