Beyond sepsis pathophysiology with cytokines: what is their value as biomarkers for disease severity?

Abstract

Sepsis is a major challenge in medicine. It is a common and frequently fatal infectious

Revisiting steroid treatment for septic shock: molecular actions and clinical effects - a review

“…Besides, the inflammatory response to infection is not static, but is dynamic with marked changes in biomarkers and mediators over time. The assessment of the immune status (either hyper or hyporeactive), although crucial, remains unattainable with the currently available methods (Marshall et al 2003, Bozza et al 2005, 2007, Salluh et al 2008b). More effective stratification of patients, along with more precise evaluation of the immune status of the patients, seem, to be critical to the success of corticosteroid therapy in the critically ill and should be pursued in future studies aimed to confirm or rebut the usefulness of corticosteroid in patients with severe infection.…”

Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Sepsis: Biological Studies and Prospects From In Silico Research

“…The IL-17 family of cytokines has emerged as important mediator of immune regulation, since it cooperates with the pro-inflammatory response by triggering the production of other cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, in addition to signaling between lymphocytes and phagocytes [18,27,28]. Additionally in patients with severe sepsis, high levels of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are associated with lethality [29].…”

“…During sepsis progression to septic shock there is a significant increase of sTREM-1 (soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1) [28]. High Mobility Group B-1 protein (HMGB-1) appears to be a late mediator in sepsis, and has been shown to be a marker of severity [23,24].…”

Biomarkers in Bacterial Infections and Sepsis

“…Sepsiste genetik yatkınlığı olan konak ve etken mikroorganizma arasındaki etkileşim sonucunda oluşan inflamatuar yanıt, prognozu etkileyebilen biyobelirteçlerin salınımına neden olmaktadır (1)(2)(3)(4). Özellikle yaşlı ve komorbiditesi olanlarda, klinik semptomların özgül olmaması ve tanı testlerinin sınırlılıkları nedeniyle, biyobelirteçler, gerek tanı konulurken, gerekse tedaviye yanıtın izlenmesi ve prognozun belirlenmesinde, popülaritesi ve kullanımı giderek artan biyolojik moleküllerdir (3)(4)(5)(6).…”