Neutralizing Antibodies to Enterovirus 71 in Belém, Brazil

Abstract

Non-polio enteroviruses (Coxsackievirus A, Coxsackievirus B, At the beginning of this century, motor deficiency cases could be related to pathogens such as viruses and particularly to polioviruses, which belong to the enterovirus (EV) genus, Picornaviridae family. Besides the poliovirus (3 serotypes), EV includes Coxsackievirus A (23 serotypes: types 1-17, 19-22 and 24), Coxsackievirus B (6 serotypes), Echovirus (30 serotypes): 1-7, 9, 11-27, 29-33), and EV 68-72 (Wiedbrank & Johnston 1993).Enteroviruses are non-enveloped small viruses (20-30 nm) of icosahedral symmetry. Their RNA genomes have 7.5 kb, positive sense and single strand. They are responsible for an extensive variety of diseases, although 50 to 80% of the infections are asymptomatic. They cause hepatitis, pleurodinia, stomatitis and neonatal sepsis in a significant number of patients every year. In developing countries, the poliovirus is clinically the most significant member of the genus EV causing paralysis diseases in every 4 out of 1,000 children in school age. The non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) are the main responsible for aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and nonspecific febrile exanthematous illnesses. Approximately 75% of infections by EV occur in children under 15 years of age and the attack rates are highest in children under 1 year of age (Wiedbrank & Johnston 1993).EV 71, one of the last NPEV studied, was described for the first time by NJ Schimidt et al. (da Silva et al. 1990) in 1974, in California, associated with cases of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In the same year Kennett et al. (1974) Bulgaria with clinical symptoms of poliomyelitis, encephalitis, encefalomyocarditis and aseptic meningitis. Ninetytwo strains of EV 71 were isolated from the 65 cases with the same symptomatology of the poliomyelitis, including 37 strains from brain and medulla, 1 from cerebrospinal fluid, 10 from mesenterial lymph nodes and tonsils and 44 from feces (Chumakov et al. 1979). An outbreak of infections caused by EV 71 occurred in Australia during the winter of 1986. Of the 114 studied patients, 65 were hospitalized and 33 frequently had CNS involvement associated to severe symptoms (Gilbert et al. 1988). During an outbreak of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Malaysia, in 1997, 4 children developed cardiopulmonary collapse and neurological problems. All the children received cardiopulmonary resuscitation but died. Postmortem studies showed infection by EV 71, with extensive damage to the medulla and pons (Lum et al. 1988). More recently the EV 71 was responsible for an epidemic occurred in Taiwan. Most of the patients had HFMD with or without complications. Many enteroviruses were isolated from the 238 cases, approximately half of them were EV 71 (Wang et al. 1998). In Brazil the first evidence of infections by EV 71 was mentioned by da Silva et al. (1990); these authors studied cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and finding neutralizing antibodies (NtAb) for EV 71 in 32.1% of serum samples. In another study developed by da Silv...

Hand, foot and mouth disease: seroprevalence of Coxsackie A16 and Enterovirus 71 in Germany

“…Our investigations revealed an endemic spread of CA16 and EV71 infections in Germany similar to other parts of the world [34,40,41]. The EV71 NtAb assay used for this study detects speciWc antibodies regardless of the genogroup (antigenic cross-reactivity) [42].…”

Enterovirus 71 Neutralizing Antibodies Seroepidemiological Research among Children in Guangzhou, China between 2014 and 2015: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Meningitis, encephalomyelitis, and neurogenic pulmonary oedema [4] may be involved in rare cases, which may cause serious sequelae or death [5]. EV71 seroepidemiological studies were conducted in Germany [6], Brazil [7], Singapore [8], Taiwan [9,10], and several cities in mainland China, such as Shanghai, Shenzhen [11], Henan [12], and Handan. Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong, presents high population mobility in Southern China; Guangzhou residents, especially children, may be highly susceptible to EV71.…”

Evaluation of enterovirus 71 immune status in São Paulo state, Brazil

“…In Brazil, few studies have been published on the detection of neutralizing antibodies to EV71; in particular there is concern about its involvement in acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) after poliovirus eradication, which is found concentrated in the city of Belém, in the Northern region of the country 2,7 . As limited information is available about the level of immunity against EV71 in São Paulo State, in the country´s Southeastern region -especially after the Asian outbreaks -serological data from 1999-2005 are presented in this study.…”

“…The first study, conducted in 1998, showed that 59.2% of the children tested positive to EV71 antibodies, although the seropositivity decreased with age from 45.4% in children < three years to 10.9% in children aged 12-15 years 7 . The second study, carried out between 1998 and 2001, presented 57.1% of seropositivity to EV71, but only 20.2% for children < three years 2 .…”