Schistosomiasis epidemiology and control: how did we get here and where should we go?

Inheritance of Schistosoma mansoni infection incompatibility in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails

“…Methods for controlling schistosome transmission by reducing snail populations have included chemical (molluscicides), physical and biological methods (Sturrock 2001).…”

“…One promising component of biological control is the introduction of parasite resistant snails into endemic areas to replace the resident susceptible snails and avoid the often destructive changes to the local ecosystem that accompany other methods of snail control (Sturrock 2001).…”

Acute schistosomiasis outbreak in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais: alert about the risk of unnoticed transmission increased by growing rural tourism

“…Accelerating migration from the countryside to cities threatened to overwhelm existing water and sanitation systems, and to increase urban schistosomiasis (Suassuna & Coura 1969, Sturrock 2001. In Brazil outbreaks of acute schistosomiasis, especially in urban areas, were observed and documented with a certain frequency (Ferreira et al 1960, 1966, Coura et al 1970, Neves 1992, Rabello 1995, Barbosa et al 2001.…”

Effect of esophagogastric devascularization with splenectomy on schistossomal portal hypertension patients' immunity

“…At the middle of the 19th century with the description of the Katayama syndrome (Fuji 1847) and by Theodor Bilharz (1852) who confi rmed the presence of the worm known today as Schistosoma hematobium in mesenteric vessels of an autopsied Egyptian peasant, the disease called schistosomiasis started to be studied. In 1902, Manson found eggs with lateral spine, in patients from Antilles, admitting a new species of Schistosoma, which was classifi ed as S. mansoni, by Sambon, in 1907 (42) .…”