Structure and diversity of endoparasitic infracommunities and the trophic level of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans and Schizodon borelli (Osteichthyes) of the high Paraná river

Parasite diversity in Oxydoras niger (Osteichthyes: Doradidae) from the basin of Solimões River, Amazonas state, Brazil, and the relationship between monogenoidean and condition factor

“…On the other hand, Nematoda are the most frequent endohelminthes in populations of wild fish, constituting a significant part of parasite fauna of the hosts in several environments. In O. niger, low infection levels were observed by C. grandistomis as also reported by Machado et al (1996) in fish from the high Paraná River parasitised by C. pinnai, Procamallanus inopinatus Travassos, Artigas and Pereira, 1928, P. iheringi Travassos, Artigas and Pereira, 1928, Piavussunema schubarti Kohn, Gomes and Motta, 1968, by Santos et al (2003 in fish from the Paraguai River, MS parasitised by Cucullanus sp. and by Bachmann et al (2007) in Pimelodus maculatus Lacépède, 1803 parasitised by P. pimelodus Pinto, Fabio, Noronha and Tayt-Son Rolas, 1974.…”

“…Carnivorous fish may present more possibility of infection because they occupy the top of the food web as compared to that observed for omnivorous fish like O. niger, which eats debris, aquatic invertebrates and insect larvae . In this case, they present lower risk of infection (Machado et al, 1996;Pavanelli et al, 2004) or other factors could be involved in this process.…”

“…These studies can indicate the fish food habit, as has been reported by Machado et al (1996), Takemoto et al (2004Takemoto et al ( , 2009 and Martins et al (2009). Piscivorous fish occupy the top of the food web and may present more chance of infection (Machado et al, 1996;Martins et al, 2009), while omnivorous fish present lower risks of infection by the fact that they are primary consumers in the food web (Feltran et al, 2004;Takemoto et al (2009).…”

Aspects of the ecology of proteocephalid cestodes, parasites of Sorubim lima (Pimelodidae), of the upper Paraná River, Brazil: II. Interspecific associations and distribution of gastrintestinal parasites

“…The reproductive barrier is reinforced, hybridization is impaired and the possi- bility of intercourse between specimens of the same species increases (Rohde, 1977). In previous studies Machado et al (1996) have also found associations among species of proteocephalid cestodes of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz, 1829) of the same region.…”

Occurrence of metacercariae of <i>Diplostomum</i> and <i>Tylodelphys</i> species (diplostomidae) in <i>Clarias</i> species (clariidae) fishes from Lake Victoria

“…D. mashonense and Tylodelphys 2, group 1 and Tylodelphys 1, group 2) of metacercariae (Kennedy andBurrough 1977, Burrough 1978). Heavy infections of D. mashonense and Tylodelphys species in the same fish suggest that these parasites share the same snail population as their first intermediate host (Machado et al 1996). The snail intermediate hosts for Diplostomum and Tylodelphys species in Africa are not known.…”