Enteric parasites in HIV-1/AIDS-infected patients from a Northwestern São Paulo reference unit in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

Abstract

Introduction:We describe the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in patients from an AIDS reference service in Northeastern São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Retrospective evaluation was done for all HIV-1/AIDS-positive patients whose Hospital de Base/São José do Rio Preto laboratorial analysis was positive for enteroparasites after diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, from January 1998 to December 2008. Statistical analysis was performed using the R statistical software version 2.4.1. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: The most frequent protozoan was Isospora belli (4.2%), followed by Giardia lamblia (3.5%), Entamoeba coli (2.8%), and Cryptosporidium parvum (0.3%). Ancylostoma duodenale (1.4%) was the most frequently detected helminth, while Taenia saginata and Strongiloides stercoralis were found in 0.7% of the samples. The results showed that diarrhea was significantly associated with giardiasis and isosporiasis. However, no association was observed between CD4 + cell counts, viral load, and the characteristics of any particular parasite. Conclusions: Our data may be useful for further comparisons with other Brazilian regions and other developing countries. The data may also provide important clues toward improving the understanding, prevention, and control of enteric parasites around the world. Keywords: Epidemiology. HIV-1. AIDS. Enteroparasites. HAART. Brazil. RESUMOIntrodução: Descrevemos a epidemiologia de enteroparasitoses em pacientes de um serviço de referência de AIDS, no noroeste paulista, Brasil. Métodos: Durante o período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2008, foi realizado este estudo retrospectivo por meio da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes diagnosticados com HIV-1/AIDS atendidos no Ambulatório de Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias do Hospital de Base, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas usando a versão 2.4.1 do software estatístico R. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: O protozoário mais frequente foi o Isospora belli (4,2%), seguido da Giardia lamblia (3,5%), Entamoeba coli (2,8%) e Criptosporidium parvum (0,3%). O Ancylostoma duodenalis (1,4%) foi o helminto mais detectado, enquanto a Taenia saginata e o Strongiloides stercoralis foram observados em 0,7% das amostras. Os resultados mostraram que a diarreia foi significativamente associada com giardíase e isosporíase. Entretanto, nenhuma associação foi observada entre as contagens de células T CD4 + , carga viral e da característica de qualquer parasita em particular. Conclusões: Nossos dados podem ser úteis para futuras comparações com outras regiões do Brasil e outros países em desenvolvimento. Os dados também podem fornecer pistas importantes para a melhoria da compreensão, prevenção e controle de parasitas entéricos em todo o mundo. Palavras-chaves: Epidemiologia. HIV-1. AIDS. Enteroparasitas. HAART. Brasil.

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi Genotypes in HIV-Positive Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy

“…bieneusi, respectively (7,19,22,24,26,(36)(37)(38)(39). The infection rate of Cryptosporidium in this study was similar to that in HAART-receiving HIV-positive patients in Taiwan (1.2% in 332 patients) (40) and Denmark (1.0% in 96 patients) (41), as well as in Brazilian patients in the HAART era (0.3%) (42). A previous study also showed that infection rates of Cryptosporidium decreased significantly in patients after the initiation of HAART in Brazil: 8.1% in 482 pretreated patients and none in 100 posttreated patients (43).…”

Cystoisospora belliinfections in humans: the past 100 years

“…In Africa, prevalence levels varied greatly among countries, ranging from 0.2% to 28% (Henry et al ., 1986; Kelly et al ., 1996; Cranendonk et al ., 2003; Olusegun et al ., 2009; Vouking et al ., 2014; Sangaré et al ., 2015; Casmo et al ., 2018). In South America prevalences ranged from 1.1% to 30.0% (Jarpa Gana, 1966; Sauda et al ., 1993; Certad et al ., 2003; Kaminsky et al ., 2007; Chincha et al ., 2009; Cardoso et al ., 2011; Assis et al ., 2013; Barcelos et al ., 2018). Several studies were performed in Brazil where high variations in prevalence were also reported (1.1–13.0%) (Sauda et al ., 1993; Cardoso et al ., 2011; Assis et al ., 2013, Barcelos et al ., 2018).…”

Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium identified in clinical samples from cities in Brazil and Argentina

“…In Brazil and Argentina, the prevalence of human cryptosporidiosis varies widely range between 7-24% ( Velásquez et al 1997 , Bachur et al 2008 , Barboni et al 2008 , Cardoso et al 2011 , Assis et al 2013 ). However, there are few molecular studies of Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in humans in these countries where reports about subtypes of Cryptosporidium are not described ( Carnevale et al 2010 , Meireles 2010 , Velásquez et al 2010 , Rolando et al 2012 ).…”