Controlling morbidity and interrupting transmission: twin pillars of lymphatic filariasis elimination

Seim, Arnfinn; Dreyer, Gerusa; Addiss, David G.

doi:10.1590/s0037-86821999000300022

Cited by 61 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Increased antifilarial immune responsiveness as well as bacterial and fungal infections have been suggested to be key factors in disease progression. 1,18,19 The present study was designed to determine whether immune responses to bacterial, fungal, and filarial antigens were correlated with the presence of lymphedema. Demonstration of such correlations could shed light on factors contributing to lymphedema development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[16][17][18] The hypothesis that bacterial infections contribute to progression of ''filarial'' disease is supported by studies that show that bacteria can be isolated from the blood and lymph of persons experiencing acute attacks and that acute ADL attacks are prevented by improving skin hygiene and by treating entry lesions with topical antibiotics and antifungal creams. 12,16,19 These observations suggest that bacterial infections are a determinant of disease progression; however, they do not rule out a potential role for immune responses to filarial, bacterial or fungal antigens in triggering the inflammation associated with ADL or in the initiation or progression of processes leading to lymphedema. If responses to these antigens are related to ADL and disease progression, then higher levels of immune reactivity to filarial, bacterial or fungal antigens should be evident among persons with lymphedema than among persons without disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactivity to bacterial, fungal, and parasite antigens in patients with lymphedema and elephantiasis.

Baird¹,

Charles²,

Streit³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Both secondary infections and antifilarial immunity are thought to play roles in the development and progression of lymphedema. To investigate this issue, immune responses to a panel of bacterial, fungal, and parasite antigens were examined for women with lymphedema and elephantiasis (n ϭ 28) and for women with no clinical evidence of lymphatic dysfunction who were either microfilaremic (Mfϩ, n ϭ 23) or microfilaria-and filarial antigennegative (AgϪ, n ϭ 24). The prevalence and intensity of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses was similar for most recall antigens; for individual antigens, lymphedema patients were significantly more likely to be reactive only to Proteus. Lymphedema patients with a history of three or more attacks of adenolymphangitis in the last 18 months showed increased DTH reactivity to Trichophyton. Proliferative responses to fungal and bacterial antigens were similar for all three groups; however, antigen-negative women, independent of disease status, mounted greater responses to filarial antigen. In contrast, lymphedema patients had higher levels of antifilarial specific IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 and higher IgG responses to streptolysin O than either AgϪ or Mfϩ women. In persons with lymphatic filariasis, immune reactivity is influenced by disease status as well as infection status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivity to bacterial, fungal, and parasite antigens in patients with lymphedema and elephantiasis.

Baird¹,

Charles²,

Streit³

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…O Programa de Eliminação da Filariose Linfática, lançado no ano 1999 pela Organização Mundial da Saúde 43 , está estruturado em dois importantes pilares: a interrupção da transmissão pelo tratamento em massa das comunidades endêmicas e o controle da morbidade (aliviar o sofrimento e prevenir a incapacidade) 36 . O sucesso da aderência dos países comprometidos com o mapeamento da infecção pode ser traduzido pelo lançamento do Programa Global de Eliminação da Filariose Linfática em 42 dos 83 países endêmicos, cobrindo uma população de mais de 610 milhões em 2005 45 .…”

Section: A Eliminação Da Filarioseunclassified

“…Ao mesmo tempo, a sistematização no acesso do conhecimento para a população e da população 33 permitiria envolver a educação para a prevenção e sinalizar para a possibilidade do controle social das ações políticas em relação à infra-estrutura determinante da transmissão: habitação e saneamento básico 22 . Isso seria particularmente interessante no Brasil, pois rapidamente se poderia avaliar a grandeza do problema e implementar o programa de controle de morbidade 36 , em paralelo ao controle da transmissão, baseado na real demanda encontrada no Grande Recife (PE) e em Maceió (AL), as duas únicas áreas endêmicas brasileiras. Visto dessa maneira, o Brasil encontra-se em situação privilegiada para eliminar um agravo importante da extensa lista de seus problemas de saúde pública.…”

Section: A Eliminação Da Filarioseunclassified

A complexidade do custo socioeconômico da filariose linfática

Mattos

Dreyer

2008

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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RESUMOA falta de conhecimento do impacto socioeconômico das diversas doenças é, geralmente, um dos maiores obstáculos para a obtenção de verbas para investimentos em pesquisa aplicada, assim como para iniciar a implementação de programas de controle necessários aos países em desenvolvimento. Os autores analisam e ressaltam aspectos relevantes da complexidade de quantificação do impacto socioeconômico da filariose linfática e enfatizam as lacunas existentes em algumas áreas do conhecimento, que ainda não foram devidamente exploradas para os portadores da doença. Aos dados de literatura aliam os ecos do aprendizado adquirido através do atendimento de pacientes portadores de infecção e doença bancroftiana em serviço terciário de referência do Núcleo de Ensino Pesquisa e Assistência em Filariose (NEPAF), Recife, Brasil. O impacto social, no seu sentido mais abrangente, mostra indícios fortes de perdas na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, infelizmente ainda pouco documentadas e, até certo ponto, de muito difícil contabilização, pelo tão peculiar abandono social das comunidades endêmicas. Palavras ABSTRACTLack of knowledge of the socioeconomic impact of various diseases is generally one of the biggest obstacles to obtaining funds for investment in applied research and for starting to implement control programs that are needed in developing countries. The authors analyze and emphasize important aspects of the complexity of quantifying the socioeconomic impact of lymphatic filariasis. They highlight the gaps that exist within some fields of knowledge and that these gaps have still not been properly explored with regard to individuals with this disease. They bring together the data in the literature and echoes from their own experience gained through caring for patients with Bancroftian infection and disease at a tertiary referral service (NEPAF -Filariasis Care, Research and Teaching Center, Recife, Brazil). The social impact, in its broadest sense, consists of strong indications of losses of quality of life among patients. Unfortunately, this is still poorly documented and, up to a certain point, very difficult to quantify because of the very particular social abandonment of the endemic communities. Entre as oito filarioses que afetam o ser humano, a linfática (causada pela Wuchereria bancrofti e pelas Brugias) é, sem dúvida, a mais importante, pela grandeza de seus números. Estima-se que, aproximadamente, 120 milhões de indivíduos sejam portadores de microfilárias circulantes, porém ainda sem apresentarem doença clínica, distribuídos em 83 países de clima tropical e subtropical 44 . A prevalência da infecção aumenta durante a infância e tende a se estabilizar no início da fase adulta e é mais alta entre os indivíduos do sexo masculino e na população de 20 a 40 anos de idade. Embora a distribuição da infecção pareça global, aproximadamente um terço dos indivíduos infectados reside na Índia, outro terço na África e o restante se encontra, predominantemente, na região ocidental do Pacífico e no sudeste da Ásia. As Améric...

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“…It is caused by one of three species of nematode parasites -Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti (1). W. bancrofti is responsible for approximately 90% of lymphatic filariasis in the world (2). The remaining 10% of cases are primarily caused by B. malayi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating development of infective stage larvae of filarial nematodes

Smith

2000

Front Biosci

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Controlling morbidity and interrupting transmission: twin pillars of lymphatic filariasis elimination

Cited by 61 publications

References 10 publications

Reactivity to bacterial, fungal, and parasite antigens in patients with lymphedema and elephantiasis.

Reactivity to bacterial, fungal, and parasite antigens in patients with lymphedema and elephantiasis.

A complexidade do custo socioeconômico da filariose linfática

Investigating development of infective stage larvae of filarial nematodes

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