[No Title Available]

BackgroundAnopheles cracens has been incriminated as a vector for the simian malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, that is the fifth Plasmodium species infecting humans. Little experimental data exists on this mosquito species due to the lack of its availability in laboratories.FindingsThe population of An. cracens, collected from Kuala Lipis, Pahang was maintained at the insectary of the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya at 24-26°C and 60-80% relative humidity. The mosquitoes were maintained with artificial mating and blood-fed on humans and hamsters. The colony has been established since November 2011 and to date has reached its sixth generation.ConclusionThis is the first description of maintaining the Malaysian strain An. cracens colony by artificial mating. Colonization of An. cracens will provide fundamental information for genetic studies and will be useful in assessing comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium parasites.

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“…philippinensis and An. albimanus [19,21]. Other animals successfully used for blood feeding include rabbits for An.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonization of Anopheles cracens: a malaria vector of emerging importance

et al. 2013

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“…were generated using maximum entropy modeling, implemented in MaxEnt v.3.3.3k [ 37 , 38 ]. Species occurrence data were obtained from VectorMap [ 39 ] and through literature review [ 20 , 25 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ], representing collection locations across the entire distribution of both species. MaxEnt models were built using climate and landscape variables, including 19 Bioclim variables (spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds) [ 58 ], world soil suborder [ 59 ], altitude [ 60 ], hydrological variables (flow accumulation and flow direction) [ 61 ], and tree cover [ 62 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemic and Non-Epidemic Hot Spots of Malaria Transmission Occur in Indigenous Comarcas of Panama

et al. 2016

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From 2002–2005, Panama experienced a malaria epidemic that has been associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation weather patterns, decreased funding for malaria control, and landscape modification. Case numbers quickly decreased afterward, and Panama is now in the pre-elimination stage of malaria eradication. To achieve this new goal, the characterization of epidemiological risk factors, foci of transmission, and important anopheline vectors is needed. Of the 24,681 reported cases in these analyses (2000–2014), ~62% occurred in epidemic years and ~44% in indigenous comarcas (5.9% of Panama’s population). Sub-analyses comparing overall numbers of cases in epidemic and non-epidemic years identified females, comarcas and some 5-year age categories as those disproportionately affected by malaria during epidemic years. Annual parasites indices (APIs; number of cases per 1,000 persons) for Plasmodium vivax were higher in comarcas compared to provinces for all study years, though P. falciparum APIs were only higher in comarcas during epidemic years. Interestingly, two comarcas report increasing numbers of cases annually, despite national annual decreases. Inclusion of these comarcas within identified foci of malaria transmission confirmed their roles in continued transmission. Comparison of species distribution models for two important anophelines with Plasmodium case distribution suggest An. albimanus is the primary malaria vector in Panama, confirmed by identification of nine P. vivax-infected specimen pools. Future malaria eradication strategies in Panama should focus on indigenous comarcas and include both active surveillance for cases and comprehensive anopheline vector surveys.

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“…aquasalis was settled in 1995 from the beginning by the free coupling method. In 1998, a second American malaria vector was colonised, Anopheles albimanus , which is one of the main vectors of malaria in Central America and in the south of Mexico ( Zerpa et al 1998 ). The authors used a simple and efficient maintenance method for mosquito mating and laying eggs.…”

Section: Colonisation Of American Anophelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of Amazon Anopheles vectors

Pimenta

Orfanó

Bahia

et al. 2015

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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In the Americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the Amazon Forest, which extends across nine countries. One keystone step to understanding the Plasmodium life cycle in Anopheles species from the Amazon Region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. Several attempts to colonise Ano- pheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. In this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the perspective of its Amazon vectors. Currently, it is possible to develop experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of the colonised and field-captured vectors in laboratories located close to Amazonian endemic areas. We are also reviewing studies related to the immune response to P. vivax infection of Anopheles aquasalis, a coastal mosquito species. Finally, we discuss the importance of the modulation of Plasmodium infection by the vector microbiota and also consider the anopheline genomes. The establishment of experimental mosquito infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei parasites that could provide interesting models for studying malaria in the Amazonian scenario is important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the parasites in New World vectors is crucial in order to better determine the interaction process and vectorial competence.

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[No Title Available]

Cited by 8 publications

References 8 publications

Colonization of Anopheles cracens: a malaria vector of emerging importance

Colonization of Anopheles cracens: a malaria vector of emerging importance

Epidemic and Non-Epidemic Hot Spots of Malaria Transmission Occur in Indigenous Comarcas of Panama

An overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of Amazon Anopheles vectors

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