Colonization of Anopheles cracens: a malaria vector of emerging importance

Amir, Amirah; Sum, Jia-Siang; Lau, Yee Ling; Vythilingam, Indra; Fong, Mun Yik

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-81

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Despite major technical challenges of such work, efforts should prove worthwhile, as they are likely to reveal parasite phenotypes not present in the old laboratory lines which were sampled from a different part of the parasite species range (Dankwa et al., ; Moon et al., ). If there are no parasite subpopulation‐specific barriers to infection of mosquito vectors that may be experimentally used, such as Anopheles cracens (Amir, Sum, Lau, Vythilingam, & Fong, ), it may ultimately be possible to map loci controlling key phenotypes by performing genetic crosses between parental parasites representing the different subpopulations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome‐wide mosaicism in divergence between zoonotic malaria parasite subpopulations with separate sympatric transmission cycles

et al. 2018

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Plasmodium knowlesi is a significant cause of human malaria transmitted as a zoonosis from macaque reservoir hosts in South‐East Asia. Microsatellite genotyping has indicated that human infections in Malaysian Borneo are an admixture of two highly divergent sympatric parasite subpopulations that are, respectively, associated with long‐tailed macaques (Cluster 1) and pig‐tailed macaques (Cluster 2). Whole‐genome sequences of clinical isolates subsequently confirmed the separate clusters, although fewer of the less common Cluster 2 type were sequenced. Here, to analyse population structure and genomic divergence in subpopulation samples of comparable depth, genome sequences were generated from 21 new clinical infections identified as Cluster 2 by microsatellite analysis, yielding a cumulative sample size for this subpopulation similar to that for Cluster 1. Profound heterogeneity in the level of intercluster divergence was distributed across the genome, with long contiguous chromosomal blocks having high or low divergence. Different mitochondrial genome clades were associated with the two major subpopulations, but limited exchange of haplotypes from one to the other was evident, as was also the case for the maternally inherited apicoplast genome. These findings indicate deep divergence of the two sympatric P. knowlesi subpopulations, with introgression likely to have occurred recently. There is no evidence yet of specific adaptation at any introgressed locus, but the recombinant mosaic types offer enhanced diversity on which selection may operate in a currently changing landscape and human environment. Loci responsible for maintaining genetic isolation of the sympatric subpopulations need to be identified in the chromosomal regions showing fixed differences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome‐wide mosaicism in divergence between zoonotic malaria parasite subpopulations with separate sympatric transmission cycles

et al. 2018

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“…Colonies of An. cracens have been established in the laboratory and although their maintenance remains challenging, this species may represent the vector of choice for P. knowlesi transmission in the laboratory (Amir et al, 2013). While significant challenges remain, P. knowlesi may provide a useful alternative to study sexual stages.…”

Section: Towards Establishing Transmission Of P Knowlesi In the Labmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human red blood cell-adaptedPlasmodium knowlesiparasites: a new model system for malaria research

Grüring

Moon²,

Lim

et al. 2014

Cell Microbiol

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Summary Plasmodium knowlesi is a simian malaria parasite primarily infecting macaque species in Southeast Asia. Although its capacity to infect humans has been recognized since the early part of the last century, it has recently become evident that human infections are widespread and potentially life threatening. Historically, P. knowlesi has proven to be a powerful tool in early studies of malaria parasites, providing key breakthroughs in understanding many aspects of Plasmodium biology. However, the necessity to grow the parasite either in macaques or in vitro using macaque blood restricted research to laboratories with access to these resources. The recent adaptation of P. knowlesi to grow and proliferate in vitro in human red blood cells (RBCs) is therefore a substantial step towards revitalizing and expanding research on P. knowlesi. Furthermore, the development of a highly efficient transfection system to genetically modify the parasite makes P. knowlesi an ideal model to study parasite biology. In this review we elaborate on the importance of P. knowlesi in earlier phases of malaria research and highlight the future potential of the newly available human adapted P. knowlesi parasite lines.

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“…The gonotrophic cycle for An . cracens was reported to be 3–5 days [ 24 ], whereas the gonotrophic cycle for An . maculatus was reported as 2.35 days [ 83 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cracens and An . maculatus was conducted in peninsular Malaysia at location points N04°12.584’ E101°52.515’ and N05°45’16.8042” E101°44’48.1914” respectively, based on sites reported by previous studies [ 15 , 24 ]. Bare leg catch (BLC) and human-baited net trapping methods were used as described previously [ 25 , 26 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Draft Genomes of Anopheles cracens and Anopheles maculatus: Comparison of Simian Malaria and Human Malaria Vectors in Peninsular Malaysia

Lau¹,

Lee²,

Chen³

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Anopheles cracens has been incriminated as the vector of human knowlesi malaria in peninsular Malaysia. Besides, it is a good laboratory vector of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. The distribution of An. cracens overlaps with that of An. maculatus, the human malaria vector in peninsular Malaysia that seems to be refractory to P. knowlesi infection in natural settings. Whole genome sequencing was performed on An. cracens and An. maculatus collected here. The draft genome of An. cracens was 395 Mb in size whereas the size of An. maculatus draft genome was 499 Mb. Comparison with the published Malaysian An. maculatus genome suggested the An. maculatus specimen used in this study as a different geographical race. Comparative analyses highlighted the similarities and differences between An. cracens and An. maculatus, providing new insights into their biological behavior and characteristics.

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Colonization of Anopheles cracens: a malaria vector of emerging importance

Cited by 12 publications

References 17 publications

Genome‐wide mosaicism in divergence between zoonotic malaria parasite subpopulations with separate sympatric transmission cycles

Genome‐wide mosaicism in divergence between zoonotic malaria parasite subpopulations with separate sympatric transmission cycles

Human red blood cell-adaptedPlasmodium knowlesiparasites: a new model system for malaria research

Draft Genomes of Anopheles cracens and Anopheles maculatus: Comparison of Simian Malaria and Human Malaria Vectors in Peninsular Malaysia

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