Qualidade do ar e transtornos respiratórios agudos em crianças

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between air pollution and acute respiratory disorders in children. METHODS:A time series ecological study was carried out in three public health posts in a region of the city of Rio de Janeiro (Southeastern Brazil), between April 2002 and March 2003. Data for PM10, SO 2 , NO 2 , CO and O 3 were analyzed daily and as closure variables, a total of 45,595 emergency pediatric consultations for respiratory symptoms or specifi cally for disorders in the upper and lower airways. To control for confounders, other variables were included in the model including those relating to weather, seasonality, temperature, relative air humidity, rain volume, respiratory infections and the calendar effects (such as holidays and weekends). A Poisson regression was applied using generalized counting models to estimate the effects of pollutants and confusing factors. RESULTS:Only O 3 had a positive and statistically signifi cant effect, both among emergency consultations for respiratory problems and consultations for symptoms relating to the lower airways. Effect and exposure occurred on the same day (lag 0). A signifi cant negative association was found with CO and pediatric consultations for respiratory complaints. Other air pollutants were not found to have a signifi cant effect. CONCLUSIONS:There were found associations between outdoor air pollution and the number of emergency pediatric consultations for respiratory problems in the studied area, in spite of the fact that the levels of all pollutants monitored during the study period were below recommended levels.

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“…The concentrations of pollutants are lower than those found in national studies conducted in large centers (Bakonyi et al, 2004;Braga et al, 2001;Castro et al, 2009;Moura et al, 2008), and this situation can be explained by the fact that this study was performed in a medium-sized city (650,000 inhabitants with a vehicle fleet of approximately 300 000 vehicles).…”

“…Moreover, Moura et al (2008) found no association between levels of PM 10 and acute respiratory disorders in children in a study conducted in Rio de Janeiro. In a study conducted in medium-sized city, exposure to PM 10 was associated with hospitalizations for asthma on same day of exposure and with lags of two and three days of exposure (Amâncio e Nascimento, 2012) Even within acceptable levels for most of the period, air pollution, especially PM 10 and NO 2 , was associated with decreased lung function in children living in Rio de Janeiro (Castro et al, 2009).…”

“…Several studies assessing air pollution and respiratory diseases were conducted in large urban centers in Brazil (Bakonyi et al, 2004;Braga et al, 2001;Castro et al, 2009;Moura et al, 2008); few studies have been conducted in medium-sized cities (4.5) and, in general, these studies employ Poisson regression models, where the dependent variable is the number of daily hospitalizations. Is there an association between levels of air pollutants, especially particulate matter, and the average daily hospitalization?…”

Biomonitoramento Vegetal Da Qualidade Do Ar Em Ribeirão Preto (Sp)

“…Ainda, uma outra questão norteadora é a construção de conhecimento voltado para a busca de novas ferramentas que possam complementar o processo de monitoramento e controle da qualidade do ar no ambiente urbano e subsidiar as ações de gestores públicos para a promoção da saúde. (ARBEX et al, 2010;CANÇADO et al, 2006;MARCILIO;GOUVEIA, 2007;MOURA et al, 2008;ROSEIRO;TAKAYANAGUI, 2006 (ALVES et al, 2001;FONSECA et al, 2007;GUIMARÃES et al, 2000;FERNÁNDEZ;FAWCETT, 2000;MARANHO et al, 2006;DELITTI;MORAES, 2000, MORAES et al, 2002OLIVA;FIGUEIREDO, 2005;SILVA et al, 2000). Entre 70% e 85% dos pacientes com diagnóstico de rinite alérgica e asma possuem algum tipo de sensibilização a aeroalérgenos, podendo levar ao eczema atópico, também conhecido como dermatite atópica, que é caracterizada por inflamação crônica da pele (LEUNG, 1995;WANDALSEN et al, 2005).…”

“…Estudos epidemiológicos têm demonstrado uma consistente associação entre a poluição do ar e hospitalizações por morbidades cardiorrespiratórias, principalmente em áreas urbanas com intenso tráfego de veículos (ARBEX et al, 2010;CANÇADO et al, 2006;MARCILIO;GOUVEIA, 2007;MOURA et al, 2008;ROSEIRO;TAKAYANAGUI, 2006 A comparação dos indicadores de morbidade por doenças respiratórias com indicadores de poluição do ar e meteorológicos permite as seguintes conclusões:…”