Subsequent pregnancies: who has them and who wants them? Observations from an urban center in Southern Brazil

Abstract

Subsequent pregnancies in mothers of a birth cohort from Pelotas, Southern Brazil, were studied in relation to maternal and socio-economic factors. Within about 3 1/2 years of the cohort child's birth, 39% of mothers had experienced at least one further pregnancy. This proportion decreased with increasing maternal age, years of schooling and family income. A U-shaped trend was observed with respect to parity. Mothers who had delivered the cohort child by caesarean section were also less likely to have another pregnancy within that time. Logistic regression analysis showed that each of these factors remained significantly associated with further pregnancies after controlling for the remaining variables. Analysis of the first subsequent pregnancy showed that a high proportion of mothers had not wanted the pregnancy. Unwanted pregnancies were also significantly associated with older women, low educational status, higher parity and low family income.

Caesarean delivery and subsequent pregnancy interval: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Five studies defined time to next pregnancy using IPI [7,10,18,32,33], five studies used BI [16,34-37] and one study reported both [17]. Six studies [16-18,32,33,36] reported time to next pregnancy on a continuous scale (e.g.…”

“…Six studies [16-18,32,33,36] reported time to next pregnancy on a continuous scale (e.g. median IPI or BI in days), whilst five studies [7,10,34,35,37] categorised time to next pregnancy (e.g. >3 years trying to conceive or conceiving within five years).…”

“…Four studies were published in the 1980’s [33,35-37], one study in the 1990’s [34] and six from the year 2000 on [7,10,16-18,32]. Study populations ranged in size from 547 to 596,341 women [16,32] and were conducted in countries including the Netherlands [32], Scotland [18], Norway [16], England [7,17], Brazil [34], Sweden [37] and the USA [33,35,36]. One study included 22 sub-Saharan African countries [10].…”

Caesarean section and subsequent fertility in sub‐Saharan Africa

“…15 Our adjusted odds ratio for becoming pregnant within 5 years of delivering by caesarean section compared with vaginal delivery (OR = 0.75, 95% CI 0.62-0.89) is consistent with a study in Brazil, which looked at the odds of becoming pregnant within 35-52 months (OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.68-0.94). 16 Most of the studies that have investigated the association between caesarean section and subsequent pregnancy have recruited primiparous women. Among this group, we found no association between primary mode of delivery and subsequent pregnancy, in contrast with recent findings of Mollison et al 17 That we found an association for multiparous, but not for primiparous, women could reflect greater desire for further children among the latter group, regardless of the first birth experience.…”

Association between socioeconomic and biological factors and infant weight gain: Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey – PNDS-2006/07

“…This may have occurred due to the relationship between higher parity and lower income and educational levels in Brazil. 27 Although food insecurity and income level are related variables, in the present analysis economic status performed better as explanatory variable of CWG. The authors attribute this to the fact that the questions in the EBIA are related to any event of food insecurity in the past three months, without considering the frequency of events; furthermore, the process for a family to improve their economic status may require considerable time (even generations).…”