Proinflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Neuropathic Pain Treated with Tramadol

Kraychete, Durval Campos; Sakata, Rioko Kimiko; Issy, Adriana Machado; Bacellar, Olı́via; Jesus, Rogério Santos; Carvalho, Edgar M.

doi:10.1590/s0034-70942009000300004

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It can be concluded from the above study that as intensity of pain in subcutaneous tramadol group was lower than in intramuscular tramadol group, so in addition to systemic analgesic effect, tramadol had an anesthesic and even anti-inflammatory effect. This anti-inflammatory effect has been suggested in other studies [9,29]. In a study, published in 2004, forty patients undergoing same-day surgery were divided into two equal groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…There is no standard method for local infiltration around the wound in operations such as appendectomy. Despite the use of different medicines for local anesthesia, but the variety of them and their practicing methods has prevented from arriving at a general conclusion [5,28,29]. In the face of pharmacologic features of tramadol, a few numbers of articles have addressed this medicine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Local Tramadol Injection in Post Appendectomy Pain

Khazaei

Kalati

Borumand

et al. 2015

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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Background: Tramadol is a weak synthetic opioid with an effective analgesic result. This medicine has both systemic and local anesthetic effects on peripheral nerve system. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare post-appendectomy analgesic effect of subcutaneous injection of tramadol with normal saline. Patients and Methods: This double blind study was conducted on 60 patients over 15 years old, who were randomly divided in two equal groups, i.e. tramadol and normal saline. After repairing fascia in appendectomy, 100 mg of tramadol that was diluted up to 10 mL and 10 mL normal saline were used for subcutaneously injection around the surgical wound in experimental and control groups, respectively. Then, the intensity of pain was recorded in the recovery room, and 6 and 24 hours after operation, based on NRS. In addition, number of petidine (with a dosage of 25 milligram) administered in the same period, in case of severe and moderate pain, was recorded. At the end, the intensity of pain during the mentioned time and the average use of petidine in two groups were compared. Results: The average of severe pain in recovery time (3.08 ± 1.44 versus 5.36 ± 2.02), 6 (3.36 ± 1.22 versus 5.36 ± 1.38) and 12 (2.08 ± 0.76 versus 3.08 ± 1.15) hours after operation was lower in tramadol group (P = 0.0001). Moreover, the amount of consumed petidine in the same period of time showed a clear reduction (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Subcutaneous injection of tramadol is an appropriate choice for reduction of post-appendectomy pain and decreasing need for potent narcotic painkillers. This treatment method can decrease side effects of using potent narcotics after appendectomy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Local Tramadol Injection in Post Appendectomy Pain

Khazaei

Kalati

Borumand

et al. 2015

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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“…The laboratory reference for IL-6 in a study done by Giannoudis et al [9] was\5 pg/ml. In another study done by Kraychete et al [10] the mean range of IL-6 in 10 healthy individuals was found to be 1.2 ? 0.8 pg/ml.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

A Prospective Study to Assess the Levels of Interleukin-6 Following Administration of Diclofenac, Ketorolac and Tramadol After Surgical Removal of Lower Third Molars

Singh¹,

Rastogi²,

Bansal³

et al. 2014

J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg.

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Introduction The surgical removal of impacted third molars involves, trauma to soft and bony tissue and can result in considerable pain, swelling, and trismus. The greater the amount of tissue injury the greater is the amount of inflammation in the perisurgical region. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is both a pro inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate the immune response. IL-6 is also an early marker of tissue damage. In addition to NSAIDs, corticosteroids, opioids also have immunomodulatory effects. Aim To evaluate the changes in serum IL-6 levels following surgical removal of third molars under local anaesthesia after administration of two NSAIDs diclofenac and ketorolac and opioid tramadol post operatively. Methods Patients undergoing surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar teeth were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group received one of the three analgesics viz diclofenac 50 mg, ketorolac 10 mg and tramadol 50 mg. The mean levels of IL-6 was then estimated by ELISA.Results The results of our study showed that all three drugs i.e. diclofenac, ketorolac and tramadol have properties which can downregulate the production of IL-6 in response to surgical trauma. Conclusion It is of clinical significance that the suppression of IL-6 values occurs in tramadol group closely following the diclofenac group. Even though the drug ketorolac suppresses the IL-6 levels similar to diclofenac initially but after 7 days tramadol and ketorolac showed similarities in suppression of IL-6 expression which is less compared to diclofenac group.

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“…Abundant evidence indicated that, as a neuronal activation inhibitor, tramadol was effective in treating neuropathic pain both in the clinic and laboratory [3,4]. Additionally, the clinical concept of a balanced or associative manner proposes the use of a combination of analgesics to provide better pain control [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination of Tramadol with Minocycline Exerted Synergistic Effects on a Rat Model of Nerve Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain

et al. 2013

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Neuropathic pain is a refractory clinical problem. Certain drugs, such as tramadol, proved useful for the treatment of neuropathic pain by inhibiting the activity of nociceptive neurons. Moreover, studies indicated that suppression or modulation of glial activation could prevent or reverse neuropathic pain, for example with the microglia inhibitor minocycline. However, few present clinical therapeutics focused on both neuronal and glial participation when treating neuropathic pain. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that combination of tramadol with minocycline as neuronal and glial activation inhibitor may exert some synergistic effects on spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced neuropathic pain. Intrathecal tramadol or minocycline relieved SNL-induced mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent manner. SNL-induced spinal dorsal horn Fos or OX42 expression was downregulated by intrathecal tramadol or minocycline. Combination of tramadol with minocycline exerted powerful and synergistic effects on SNL-induced neuropathic pain also in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the drug combination enhanced the suppression effects on SNL-induced spinal dorsal horn Fos and OX42 expression, compared to either drug administered alone. These results indicated that combination of tramadol with minocycline could exert synergistic effects on peripheral nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain; thus, a new strategy for treating neuropathic pain by breaking the interaction between neurons and glia bilaterally was also proposed.

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Proinflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Neuropathic Pain Treated with Tramadol

Cited by 40 publications

References 26 publications

The Effect of Local Tramadol Injection in Post Appendectomy Pain

The Effect of Local Tramadol Injection in Post Appendectomy Pain

A Prospective Study to Assess the Levels of Interleukin-6 Following Administration of Diclofenac, Ketorolac and Tramadol After Surgical Removal of Lower Third Molars

Combination of Tramadol with Minocycline Exerted Synergistic Effects on a Rat Model of Nerve Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain

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