Assessing planning skills and executive functions in the elderly: preliminary normative data for the Tower of London Test

Paula, Jonas Jardim de; Neves, Fátima Regina de Almeida Lima; Levy, Ângela; Nassif, Elaine; Malloy-Diniz, Leandro Fernandes

doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2012001000015

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The version adopted on this study was standardized by Krikorian, Bartok and Gay (1994), and was previously validated for this population (de Paula et al, 2012a). Normative values were also previously published for clinical use (de Paula et al, 2012b).…”

Section: Neuropsychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive functions as predictors of functional performance in mild Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment elderly

Paula¹,

Malloy-Diniz²

2013

Estud. psicol. (Natal)

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Cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms are associated with worse functionality phenotype in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) elderly. The present study aims to investigate the association between the impairment of executive functions and episodic memory, the presence of depressive symptoms with the functionality of these patients. One hundred and eighteen participants diagnosed with AD or MCI who underwent neuropsychological examination covering various domains of episodic memory and executive functions and the answered the Geriatric Depression Scale. Caregivers answered a scale of Activities of Daily Living. The cognitive variables were reduced through factor analysis to three components (Executive Functions, Memory Episodic and Working Memory) and, along with depressive symptoms, used as predictors in a linear regression model, where only Executive Functions were related to functionality (R² = 0.30). The results suggest that executive functions are particularly relevant for functionality in these patients.

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Section: Neuropsychological Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Executive functions as predictors of functional performance in mild Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment elderly

Paula¹,

Malloy-Diniz²

2013

Estud. psicol. (Natal)

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“… [1] Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) 16 – version for elderly (evaluates executive functions); [2] Trail Making Test (TMT – Parts 1 & 2) 17 (evaluates speed of processing, mental flexibility and executive functioning); [3] Tower of London Test (ToL) 18 (assesses planning abilities and problem solving); [4] Stroop Test (Victoria Version) 19 (assesses selective attention and inhibitory control); [5] Digit Span Forward and Backward – WAIS 20 (measures working memory's number storage capacity; [6] Verbal Fluency Test (Semantic and Phonemic): 21 evaluates semantic fluency using animals categories and phonological fluency test using the FAS; [7] Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), 22 used in evaluation of declarative memory; [8] Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): 23 used to assess sleep quality; [9] Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS); 24 [10] Sleep Habits Questionnaire 25 (assesses sleep habits and sleep conditions). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a cognitive training program and sleep hygiene for executive functions and sleep quality in healthy elderly

Almondes

Leonardo

Moreira

2017

Dement. neuropsychol.

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IntroductionThe aging process causes changes in the sleep-wake cycle and cognition, especially executive functions. Interventions are required to minimize the impact of the losses caused by the aging process.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of a cognitive training program and psychoeducation on sleep hygiene techniques for executive functions and sleep quality in healthy elderly.MethodsThe participants were 41 healthy elderly randomized into four groups ([CG] control group, cognitive training group [CTG], sleep hygiene group [SHG] and cognitive training and hygiene group [THG]). The study was conducted in three stages:1st – assessment of cognition and sleep;2nd – specific intervention for each group;3rd – post-intervention assessment.ResultsThe results showed that the CTG had significant improvements in cognitive flexibility tasks, planning, verbal fluency and episodic memory, gains in sleep quality and decreased excessive daytime sleepiness. The SHG also had improved sleep quality, excessive daytime sleepiness and significant improvements in insights, planning, attention and episodic memory. The THG had significant gains in cognitive flexibility, problem solving, verbal fluency, attention and episodic memory.ConclusionCognitive training and sleep hygiene interventions were useful strategies for improving cognitive performance and sleep quality of healthy elderly, but there was no evidence that sessions combining cognitive training and psychoeducation on sleep hygiene enhanced the gains provided by these interventions applied individually.

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“…Para cada problema, o sujeito tem três chances de realizar com a menor quanti dade de movimentos, e sua pontuação pode variar de 3 pontos (se conseguir resolver o problema na primeira apresentação) a 0 pontos (se não conseguir resolver em nenhuma das apresentações). Essa versão foi normati zada em diversos contextos, como a Itália 16 , República Checa 17 e Brasil [18][19][20] . Embora muito popular, a versão de madeira da ToL tem sido questi onada sobre um potencial efeito teto em relação ao desempenho da população geral 21 , sendo propostos sistemas de pontuação alternati vos para a tarefa.…”

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O teste da Torre de Londres: comparação entre a versão tradicional e a aplicação computadorizada

Borges¹,

Andrade²,

Timóteo

et al. 2022

Debates em Psiquiatria

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Introdução: A Torre de Londres (Tower of London – ToL) é uma tarefa neuropsicológica desenvolvida para avaliação da capacidade cognitiva de planejamento. Embora seja amplamente utilizada na neuropsicologia, existem evidências de que suas propriedades psicométricas são insatisfatórias. Objetivo: Comparar a versão original da tarefa com uma versão computadorizada e ampliada. Métodos: Foram submetidos à versão original e à computadorizada 91 adultos brasileiros (média = 37,6 anos; desvio padrão = 12,2 anos) com um mínimo de 8 anos de educação formal. Resultados: Foi observada uma correlação moderada entre a pontuação nas duas versões (rho = 0,42; p < 0,05). A versão tradicional apresentou consistência interna baixa (α = 0,471) em comparação à versão computadorizada (α = 0,771). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem a ausência de equivalência entre as duas versões, sendo a computadorizada e ampliada mais robusta em termos psicométricos e com bom potencial para uso na clínica e pesquisas em neuropsicologia.

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Assessing planning skills and executive functions in the elderly: preliminary normative data for the Tower of London Test

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Executive functions as predictors of functional performance in mild Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment elderly

Executive functions as predictors of functional performance in mild Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment elderly

Effects of a cognitive training program and sleep hygiene for executive functions and sleep quality in healthy elderly

O teste da Torre de Londres: comparação entre a versão tradicional e a aplicação computadorizada

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