Cephalic measures in normal pre-school children 3 to 7-years of age

Abstract

In a study designed to determine standards for the Developmental Neurological Examination (DNE) several measures of the head were also recorded. The study consisted in the examination of 200 children, half from each sex, 40 from each age group (3 to 7-years of age). These children were selected among 755 normal pre-school-age children, living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil). The criteria for selection were both anamnestic and clinic. The following measures of the head were recorded: cephalic perimeter, biauricular and antero-posterior distances (Diament, 1967). A new cephalic index (nCI) was also determined (Diament, 1968). This index is useful in detecting changes in head shape mainly in cases of precocious cranioestenosis (Diament, 1968; Facure, 1972). The statistical analysis consisted in determining means and standard errors for each measure. For the new cephalic index it was shown through the Kruskal-Wallis test that there were no significant difference between age and sex. Therefore we considered all groups together to find out the tolerance region for the new index which turned out to be given by the interval: 0.848-1.002. This result is based in 186 cases since 14 were excluded because of some problems in the recording process. Therefore we expect with a conficence of 95% that the above interval covers 90% of the population, in the 3 to 7 years age-groups independently of sex.

The Maxillary Arch and Cephalometric Measurements: Comparing Ethnic Malays and Ethnic Chinese in Malaysia

“…With respect to the cephalic index, our study subjects were found to be brachycephalic with no gender difference, was consistent with findings of Diament and Rodrigues [19]. The reference values for cephalic index have been stated in the introduction.…”

Estudo antropométrico do crânio de recém-nascidos normais em Sergipe

“…No Brasil os trabalhos sobre antropometria craniana de RN normais têm sido realizados em determinadas regiões, mas sem expressar a realidade da população do pais 2,4,12,13 . Este fato decorre da existência de determinadas regiões onde predomina a influência da etnia européia e asiática, como o sul e o sudeste, enquanto em outras predomina a influência da etnia africana e indígena, como o norte, nordeste e centrooeste.…”

“…Os estudos iniciais da antropometria craniana em nosso meio são da década de 50 4 , cujas médias e escore desvio padrão do Pc são semelhantes aos dados apresentados por Nellhaus 7 . Outros trabalhos desenvolvidos na região sudeste, mostram dados semelhantes aos anteriores e uma predominância também das medidas do crânio nos RN do gênero masculino sobre o feminino 2,[12][13][14] . Estudo recente realizado na cidade de Salvador -BA 6 mostra dados semelhantes apenas na predominância das medidas do crânio de RN do gênero masculino sobre o feminino; enquanto em relação às outras medidas padronizadas, observamos que nos RN de Salvador -BA há uma tendência a apresentarem medidas com resultados superiores aos observados na região sudeste configurando uma morfologia craniana diferente onde predomina os valores da dAP.…”

Semiologia neurológica numa população de escolares da primeira série do ensino fundamental

“…The Traditional Neurological Examination (ENT) (Lefevre, 1972) was applied. It was considered for normal the measurement of the skull circumference, proposed by Diament & Rodrigues (1976), and the application of all ENT items. The data were stored in a database of the Epi6 Program (Epidemiologic Information), and analyzed by percentage calculation and by the χ 2 test.…”

“…Utilizou-se o Exame Neurológico Tradicional (ENT) (Lefèvre, 1972). Considerou-se como normal a realização de todas as provas do ENT e as medidas do perímetro craniano propostas por Diament & Rodrigues (1976 …”