Towards an understanding of the interactions of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli within the reduviid insect host Rhodnius prolixus

Ratcliffe, Norman A.; Garcia, Elói S.

doi:10.1590/s0001-37652005000300004

Cited by 63 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Differences in the survival of parasites have been related to an induction of lysozymes, agglutinating, prophenoloxidase, and hemocyte activity (36) (37) . For instance, the presence of T. rangeli in the hemocoel of R. prolixus activates the prophenoloxidase system, phagocytosis, hemocyte microaggregation, superoxide and nitric oxide activity, and eicosanoid biosynthesis (38) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral fever response in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) to intracoelomic inoculation of Trypanosoma cruzi

Hinestroza¹,

Ortiz

Molina

2016

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction: Behavioral fever is a response to infections with microorganisms observed in some poikilothermic animals. Rhodnius prolixus is involved in the transmission of two parasites: Trypanosoma cruzi (pathogenic for humans and transmitted in feces) and Trypanosoma rangeli (non-pathogenic for humans, pathogenic for Rhodnius and transmitted by the bite of an infected individual). Only T. rangeli is found in the hemolymph of Rhodnius as it travels to the salivary glands. Methods: To study vector-parasite interactions, we evaluated possible behavioral fever responses of R. prolixus to intracoelomic inoculation with T. cruzi or T. rangeli. Temperature preferences of fi fth-instar nymphs of R. prolixus were evaluated after inoculation with T. rangeli KP1(+), KP1(-), T. cruzi I, or the Trypanosome culture medium. Four different fi xed temperatures (25, 30, 35, and 40°C) in two simultaneous experiments (enclosed and free-moving insects) were evaluated. Free-moving insects were marked daily according to their temperature preferences on each of the 15 days after inoculation. Numbers of insects in each temperature shelter and daily mortality were compared with those enclosed shelters of different temperatures. Results: Rhodnius prolixus inoculated with both strains of T. rangeli and with the trypanosome culture medium showed preferences for the lowest temperatures (25°C). However, R. prolixus inoculated with T. cruzi I showed signifi cant preferences for temperatures around 35°C. Conclusions: This is the fi rst known investigation to demonstrate a behavioral fever response in R. prolixus injected intracoelomically with T. cruzi I.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral fever response in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) to intracoelomic inoculation of Trypanosoma cruzi

Hinestroza¹,

Ortiz

Molina

2016

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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“…Parasite and vector co-evolution has involved physiological or biochemical strategies, facilitating or hampering parasite development in the invertebrate host (Azambuja et al 2005). It has been observed that invertebrates have developed efficient immune mechanisms against parasite infections by producing potent antimicrobial peptides and polypeptides (Bulet et al 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary characterization of a Rhodnius prolixus hemolymph trypanolytic protein, this being a determinant of Trypanosoma rangeli KP1(+) and KP1(-) subpopulations' vectorial ability

Pulido

Pérez

Vallejo

2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Rhodnius prolixus is the main Trypanosoma rangeli vector in several Latin-American countries and is susceptible to infection with KP1(+) strains; however, it presents an invasion-resistant response to KP1(-) strains. The present work has identified a trypanolytic protein against T. rangeli KP1(-) in the R. prolixus hemolymph which was fractioned with ammonium sulfate (following dialysis). The results revealed a protein component which did not depend on divalent cations for its biological function whilst keeping its trypanolytic activity at temperatures ranging from -20ºC to 37ºC, at 7.0 to 10.5 pH. The protein was partially purified by gel filtration chromatography and ionic exchange chromatography. The major component presented a molecular weight of around 79 kDa and an isoelectric point between 4.9 and 6.3 and may be directly related to hemolymph trypanolytic activity against T. rangeli KP1(-) populations.Key words: Rhodnius prolixus -Trypanosoma rangeli KP1(+) -Trypanosoma rangeli KP1(-) -trypanolytic factorvectorial ability -insect immunity Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate which is apparently apathogenous for humans, presenting pathogenicity for the invertebrate host. T. rangeli is of great interest due to its presence in mixed infection with Trypanosoma cruzi in vertebrates and invertebrate hosts, thereby interfering with a clear diagnosis of Chagas' disease and the epidemiology of these parasites in different Latin-American countries .T. rangeli vectors become infected by ingesting blood from wild or domestic reservoirs in natural conditions. The parasite develops in the digestive tract and then invades the hemolymph where it is recognized by the vector's immune system; however, some strains may escape host defense mechanisms, reaching the salivary glands where they become infective forms or metacyclic trypomastigotes (D'Alessandro-Bacigalupo & Gore-Saravia 1992). Salivary gland invasion is a necessary step for transmission, being mediated by one or several ligandreceptor interactions (Basseri et al. 2002).Previous work has revealed two phylogenetically different groups in T. rangeli called T. rangeli KP1(-) and T. rangeli KP1(+), these being mainly transmitted by the 16 Rhodnius species described so far (Vallejo et al. 2002(Vallejo et al. , 2007. Specificity between the vector and the parasite strain which it transmits has been pointed out; each Rhodnius species seems to select the T. rangeli subpopulation to which it is susceptible in nature so that it can then be transmitted to the vertebrate host via insect bite . Nevertheless, a close association has been observed between T. rangeli KP1(+) and vectors from the prolixus group (which includes Rhodnius prolixus and Rhodnius neglectus) and between T. rangeli KP1(-) and vectors from the pallescens group (including Rhodnius pallescens, Rhodnius colombiensis and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis) , Urrea et al. 2005. Recent parasite-vector interaction studies have shown a trypanolytic factor in R. prolixus hemolymph impeding the development of T. rangeli KP1(...

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“…Trypomastigotes differentiate into the epimastigote stage, to multiply asexually, before differentiating into infectious metacyclic trypomastigotes (Figure 2). Parasite viability, development and multiplication are then influenced by physiological and biochemical interactions with the vector, according to its life stage and location inside the vector (see Azambuja et al, 2005b;Garcia et al, 2007Garcia et al, , 2009.…”

Section: Triatomine-trypanosoma Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics and evolution of triatomines: from phylogeny to vector control

et al. 2011

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Triatomines are hemipteran bugs acting as vectors of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite causes Chagas disease, one of the major parasitic diseases in the Americas. Studies of triatomine genetics and evolution have been particularly useful in the design of rational vector control strategies, and are reviewed here. The phylogeography of several triatomine species is now slowly emerging, and the struggle to reconcile the phenotypic, phylogenetic, ecological and epidemiological species concepts makes for a very dynamic field. Population genetic studies using different markers indicate a wide range of population structures, depending on the triatomine species, ranging from highly fragmented to mobile, interbreeding populations. Triatomines transmit T. cruzi in the context of complex interactions between the insect vectors, their bacterial symbionts and the parasites; however, an integrated view of the significance of these interactions in triatomine biology, evolution and in disease transmission is still lacking. The development of novel genetic markers, together with the ongoing sequencing of the Rhodnius prolixus genome and more integrative studies, will provide key tools to expanding our understanding of these important insect vectors and allow the design of improved vector control strategies.

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Towards an understanding of the interactions of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli within the reduviid insect host Rhodnius prolixus

Cited by 63 publications

References 39 publications

Behavioral fever response in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) to intracoelomic inoculation of Trypanosoma cruzi

Behavioral fever response in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae: Triatominae) to intracoelomic inoculation of Trypanosoma cruzi

Preliminary characterization of a Rhodnius prolixus hemolymph trypanolytic protein, this being a determinant of Trypanosoma rangeli KP1(+) and KP1(-) subpopulations' vectorial ability

Genetics and evolution of triatomines: from phylogeny to vector control

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