Himatanthus bracteatus (A. DC.) Woodson (Apocynaceae): phenology, morphology, and floral biology of a species endemic to the Atlantic Forest

Abstract

Himatanthus bracteatus (A. DC.) Woodson (Apocynaceae): phenology, morphology, and fl oral biology of a species endemic to the Atlantic Forest). Janaúba, Himatanthus bracteatus (A. DC.) Woodson is a species native to the Atlantic Forest and restricted to the northeastern and southeastern regions of Brazil, and has potential as ornamental or in the recovery of degraded areas. Considering that the information about its reproductive mechanisms is scarce, this study aimed to describe the aspects of the phenology, morphology, and fl oral biology of H. bracteatus in an urban remnant of Atlantic Forest in Salvador (State of Bahia). Monthly, from August 2008 to August 2009, we recorded the intensity of the phenophases (fl owering, fruiting, and budding), aspects of the morphology, and fl oral development in 15 adult individuals. Flowers and fruits occurred almost throughout the month; the fl owering peak was associated with the rainy season, and the seeds dispersion occurred through the wind. Flowers are white, bisexual, cleistogamous and remain open for more than 24 hours, suggesting a more elaborate pollination process, dependent on nocturnal and diurnal specialist visitors for their reproduction. Keywords: fl oral events, tropical reforestation, janaúba, fl oral morphology, ornamental potential RESUMO -( Himatanthus bracteatus (A. DC.) Woodson (Apocynaceae): fenologia, morfologia e biologia fl oral de uma espécie endêmica da Mata Atlântica). A janaúba, Himatanthus bracteatus (A. DC.) Woodson é uma espécie nativa da Mata Atlântica, restrita às regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil, que apresenta potencial paisagístico e de uso na recuperação de áreas degradadas. Considerando que informações acerca dos seus mecanismos reprodutivos são escassos, este estudo objetivou descrever os aspectos fenológicos e a morfologia e biologia fl oral de H. bracteatus em um remanescente urbano de Salvador (BA). Mensalmente, entre agosto de 2008 e agosto de 2009, foram registrados a intensidade das fenofases (fl oração, frutifi cação e brotamento), aspectos relativos à morfologia e ao desenvolvimento fl oral em 15 indivíduos adultos. Flores e frutos ocorreram praticamente ao longo de todos os meses, com o pico da fl oração associado ao período chuvoso, e a dispersão de sementes ocorre pelo vento. As fl ores são brancas, bissexuais, cleistogâmicas e com duração de abertura superior a 24 horas, sugerindo um processo de polinização mais elaborado, dependente de visitantes especializados de hábito noturno ou diurno para a sua reprodução. Palavras-chave: eventos fl orais, refl orestamento, janaúba, morfologia fl oral, potencial ornamental 1. Parte da Monografi a do primeiro Autor 2.

Comparing Data Collection Methods in Phenological Evaluations of Himatanthus drasticus

“…A wide variety of methods for data collection, evaluation, and analysis have been employed to examine the synchrony and intensity of plant phenological events using qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative methods (Bencke & Morellato, 2002;Morellato et al, 2010a, Alexander & Woeste, 2016. Semi-quantitative approaches establish predefined scales without the use of exact measurements (Fournier, 1974;Pugas et al, 2018;Araujo & Lobo 2020) or percentages of canopy cover (Lenza & Klink, 2006). Intensity analyses, on the other hand, are measured or estimated (Bencke & Morellato, 2002;Castro-Díez et al, 2003), and most evaluations of synchrony have been based on qualitative data (Augspurger, 1983;Bolmgren, 1998;Bencke & Morellato, 2002;Morellato et al, 2010b;Baldauf et al, 2014;Rodriguez-Pérez & Traveset 2016;Andreacci et al, 2017;Araujo & Lobo 2020;Rosa et al, 2020).…”