Growth and quality of Garcinia humilis seedlings as a function of substrate and shading level

Abstract

The successful establishment of a Garcinia humilis orchard depends on planting high-quality seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the shading level (0 %, 18 % and 50 %) and substrate composition on the formation of G. humilis seedlings. Four substrates (S) were evaluated combining different proportions (v:v) of soil (SO), cattle manure (CM), commercial substrate (CS), sand (SA) and fine grain vermiculite (FV): S1 = 0 % SO + 45 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S2 = 15 % SO + 30 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S3 = 30 % SO + 15 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV; S4 = 45 % SO + 0 % CM + 20 % CS + 20 % SA + 15 % FV. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in each environment, being the environments compared by a joint analysis. The G. humilis seedlings with the highest quality were obtained in the environment with a 50 % shading screen. G. humilis seedlings do not grow when exposed to full sunlight and, therefore, the seedling production of this species with direct solar radiation, without some shading level, should not be recommended. Different combinations from the mixture of soil, cattle manure, commercial substrate, sand and fine grain vermiculite may be used in the formulation of substrates for G. humilis seedlings.

Assessing how changes in temporal resource quality influence the reproductive performance of the dung beetle Onthophagus binodis

“…Similar to the present findings, high phosphorous content in foliage have been reported to increase insect growth rates (Frost & Elser, 2002;Perkins et al, 2004), improve survival probability (Clancy & King, 1993), fecundity (Popp et al, 1989), and population densities (Schade et al, 2003). The range of values of phosphorous content of dung in this study is similar to other reports of P content in cattle dung: 2.1 g kg −1 (Silva, 2008), 1.0 g kg −1 (Yolcu et al, 2010), 1.3 g kg −1 (Silva et al, 2018), and 1.71 g kg −1 (Costa et al, 2018), but less than the value of 5.5 g kg −1 reported by Higashikawa et al (2010).…”

“…The concentration of these trace elements varies in dung (Bolan et al, 2004), and the variation could be attributed to the age of an animal and type of food the animal eats (Irshad et al, 2013). The dung Mg levels reported in this study are lower than the average value of 5.3 g kg −1 of Mg reported by Higashikawa et al (2010), although there has been a wide range of values reported for the Mg content of cattle dung: 0.70 g kg −1 (Costa et al, 2018), 1.8 g kg −1 (Lima et al, 2006), 1000.0 mg kg −1 (Silva et al, 2018), and 88.0 mg kg −1 (Yolcu et al, 2010). In this study, high Mg concentrations in cattle dung collected in February 2018 corresponds to the month of maximum brood production by dung beetles.…”

Growth of Ornamental Pepper in Colored Containers Under Protected Environments

“…Shading allows the microclimate within the environment to be differentiated and influences plant development (Áscoli et al, 2015(Áscoli et al, , Paula et al, 2017. Some species showed impaired growth in an environment without protection from direct solar radiation such as Garcinia humilis (Silva et al, 2018). For presenting morphophysiological characteristics adapted to this type of shaded environment, high exposures to light increases photo-oxidation and causes damage to the photosynthetic apparatus of plants, impairing its photosynthetic rate and, consequently, growth, as observed under the environment with 18-22 % of shading in the present study.…”

Physical-chemical Evaluation and Texture Profile of Yoghurts Supplemented with Achachairu Pulp (Garcinia humilis)

“…The fruit also stands out for presenting high nutritional value, presenting in its composition antioxidant compounds as total phenolic compounds, vitamins and essential minerals. Therefore, it has high technological potential and can be used as raw material in various production processes (Silva et al, 2018;Tome et al, 2019).…”