“…Based on the meta-analysis, 17 out of the 26 studies showed that PI was implemented in various disciplines such as Physics (Budini et al, 2019;Gok, 2014Gok, , 2015Kannan & Gouripeddi, 2018;Perez et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2017), Chemistry (Gok & Gok, 2016;Michinov et al, 2015), Medical and Health Sciences (Bian et al, 2018;Carstensen et al, 2020;Mitsuhashi, 2020;Versteeg et al, 2019), Mathematics (Kaymak et al, 2020;Teixeira et al, 2018), Computer Science (Alcalde & Nagel, 2019;Gopal & Cooper, 2021) and Social Studies (Bulut, 2019). For the cognitive domain, a total of 10 studies investigated students' achievement as their primary objective, which 3 studies from the secondary level (Kaviza, 2021;Nuri et al, 2021; and 7 studies from the tertiary level (Alcalde & Nagel, 2019;Bian et al, 2018;Bulut, 2019;Carstensen et al, 2020;Gok, 2015;Kaymak et al, 2020;Teixeira et al, 2018). Students' achievement is the most frequent impact discussed by researchers at the secondary and tertiary levels.…”