Computational Analysis of Load Ventilation in Broiler Transport

Pinheiro, Daniel Gurgel; Machado, Nítalo André Farias; Filho, José Antônio Delfino Barbosa; Silva, Iran J. O. da

doi:10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v41n1p9-18/2021

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…A great heterogeneity in the enthalpy of the load can provide zones of high heat (thermal core), associated with the regions with Engenharia Agrícola, Jaboticabal, v.41, n.4, p.427-437, jul./aug. 2021 greater losses, about everything by animal deaths (Pinheiro et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poultry farming has a similar problem related to the flow of air and energy and the effect of thermal stress on transport vehicles. Studies have shown that the distribution of dead birds along the load during transport is not random; the points with the highest DOA rate correspond to the thermal zones with the highest energy content, known as thermal cores (Mitchell & Kettlewell 1998;Kettlewell et al, 1993;Kettlewell et al, 2001;Barbosa-Filho et al, 2009;Pinheiro et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Machado

Barbosa-Filho²,

Ramalho

et al. 2021

Eng. Agríc.

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This study evaluates the dynamics of heat zones in the load and its relationship with the stress of pigs during transport. Four journeys of 170 km were monitored, recording the physiological variables of 192 animals (48 per journey), namely rectal temperature (RT), body temperature (BT), respiratory rate (RR), blood lactate concentrations and salivary cortisol. Heat zones and ventilation patterns were characterized by the spatial variability of the enthalpy and the Computational Fluid Dynamics of the load. The formation of a thermal core was observed in the frontal region of the load, which extended through the lower (LD) and upper (UD) decks. Pigs transported in the LD had higher means of RR (UD = 89 and LD = 94 breaths/min), and salivary cortisol (UD = 33.84 and LD = 34.92 ng/mL). The pigs transported in the UD presented the highest mean BT (UD = 38.9 and LD = 38.1 °C) and lactate (UD = 61.63 and LD = 58.26 mg/dL). Pigs transported in the LD of the load were more susceptible to thermal stress, while pigs transported in the UD showed greater physical stress and muscle exhaustion.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Machado

Barbosa-Filho²,

Ramalho

et al. 2021

Eng. Agríc.

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“…This can be achieved by improvements in vehicle design, using forced ventilation and air‐conditioning. The design of poultry crates and their spacing within the load is important for optimisation of ventilation, but more research is needed to define best options for various types of birds and climatic conditions (Bhatt et al., 2021 ; Pinheiro et al., 2021 ). It may also be possible to design ventilation or cooling systems linked to temperature sensors which can respond to different conditions within a load (Mitchell and Kettlewell, 2008 ; Ramadiani et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during animal transport

Koutsoumanis¹,

Allende²,

Álvarez‐Ordóñez³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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The transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between food‐producing animals (poultry, cattle and pigs) during short journeys (< 8 h) and long journeys (> 8 h) directed to other farms or to the slaughterhouse lairage (directly or with intermediate stops at assembly centres or control posts, mainly transported by road) was assessed. Among the identified risk factors contributing to the probability of transmission of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria (ARB) and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), the ones considered more important are the resistance status (presence of ARB/ARGs) of the animals pre‐transport, increased faecal shedding, hygiene of the areas and vehicles, exposure to other animals carrying and/or shedding ARB/ARGs (especially between animals of different AMR loads and/or ARB/ARG types), exposure to contaminated lairage areas and duration of transport. There are nevertheless no data whereby differences between journeys shorter or longer than 8 h can be assessed. Strategies that would reduce the probability of AMR transmission, for all animal categories include minimising the duration of transport, proper cleaning and disinfection, appropriate transport planning, organising the transport in relation to AMR criteria (transport logistics), improving animal health and welfare and/or biosecurity immediately prior to and during transport, ensuring the thermal comfort of the animals and animal segregation. Most of the aforementioned measures have similar validity if applied at lairage, assembly centres and control posts. Data gaps relating to the risk factors and the effectiveness of mitigation measures have been identified, with consequent research needs in both the short and longer term listed. Quantification of the impact of animal transportation compared to the contribution of other stages of the food‐production chain, and the interplay of duration with all risk factors on the transmission of ARB/ARGs during transport and journey breaks, were identified as urgent research needs.

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“…Transport is considered one of the most critical operations for animal welfare (Pinheiro et al, 2021). During transport, pigs are subjected to various stressors, such as mixing lots, deprivation of food and water, changes in the environment, vibrations and noise (Mota-Rojas et al, 2014;Benincasa et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Pupillometry in the Diagnosis of Stress in Piglets Transported in a Tropical Climate

Machado

Barbosa-Filho²,

Souza³

et al. 2021

Eng. Agríc.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the reactivity of the pupillary area (PA) as a non-invasive method for diagnosing stress in piglets submitted to transport. A total of 10 journeys were monitored and grouped according to the transport distance (15 and 75 km). Were sampled 360 piglets (25±3.8 kg) to measure the PA, body temperature (BT), and serum concentrations of cortisol and creatine kinase (CK). The micrometeorological characterization of the load was performed using enthalpy comfort index (ECI). It was possible to identify an increase of 19.32% (+18.91 mm²; P<0.001) in PA of piglets transported in shorter journeys (15 km), as well as the highest mean values of BT (+ 1.24 °C; P<0.001), cortisol (+ 2.37 ng/mL; P<0.001) and CK (+ 379 U/L; P=0.025). In this study, high correlations of PA were observed with r = 0.922, 0.900, 0.842 and 0.829 (P<0.05) for cortisol and CK, BT and ECI of trailer, respectively. In conclusion, we state that PA reactivity is a physiological response for the diagnosis of stress of piglets transported. Further research will refine this technique in order to make this non-invasive acquisition method more practical and adaptable to different transport conditions.

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Computational Analysis of Load Ventilation in Broiler Transport

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Trailer Heat Zones and Their Relation to Heat Stress in Pig Transport

Transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) during animal transport

Use of Pupillometry in the Diagnosis of Stress in Piglets Transported in a Tropical Climate

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