Coffea arabica L: History, phenology and climatic aptitude of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract

The genus Coffea belongs to the Rubiaceae family and includes two species with optimum economic performances, Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. The state of São Paulo is one of the states that produce the species C. arabica in Brazil. Arabica coffee has been of great importance to São Paulo, providing relevant contributions to the historical, political, architectural, gastronomic, touristic, artistic, agricultural, industrial and social sectors since its introduction into the state in the nineteenth century. The agricultural sector includes crops produced by both small farmers and by highly technological agricultural groups. Coffea arabica plants present six phenological phases, all sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall. In the reproductive phases, the species requires short days, low temperatures and no rainfall, followed by the rainy season. However, the phenological phases of the coffee plants can be harmed or even inhibited by dry or rainy seasons that are too long or too short. In the state of São Paulo, the municipalities of Garça and Franca show optimal coffee productivity, whereas those of Adamantina and Registro are low, and the agricultural aptitudes of these four municipalities show strong relationships with their geographical distributions in the state. Garça and Franca are situated in areas where the predominant dry and rainy seasons favor the occurrence of the phenological phases of arabica coffee plants, whereas Adamantina and Registro are located in areas with long dry and rainy seasons, respectively, characteristics that harm the development of the reproductive phenological phases of this culture.

Análise das características ambientais e implicações da produção agrícola no Departamento Oeste da República do Haiti

“…Anualmente, a região é marcada por eventos extremos de precipitações que acompanham a temporada de furacões (FAO, 2019). Os furacões são comumente formados, em determinadas épocas do ano, em regiões de baixa pressão sobre as águas quentes dos oceanos tropicais (TORRES et al, 2021). Tais condições atmosféricas e oceânicas favoráveis à sua formação são encontradas em regiões da Ásia e da América Central, em especial, sobre o mar do Caribe.…”

“…Alguns cultivares de café arábica têm alta tolerância à falta de água, no entanto a precipitação média anual ao longo dos meses não apresenta a distribuição adequada para o desenvolvimento do cafeeiro (TORRES et al, 2021). Além disso, o tipo de solo presente de maneira predominante no Departamento Oeste não é o Latossolo (ver item 1.2.…”