Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp.

Beleza, Antonio Jackson Forte; Maciel, William Cardoso; Lopes, Elisângela de Souza; Albuquerque, Átilla Holanda de; Carreira, Arianne Silva; Nogueira, Carlos Henrique Guedes; Bandeira, Jéssica de Melo; Vasconcelos, Ruben Horn; Teixeira, Régis Siqueira de Castro

doi:10.1590/1808-1657000462019

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…The Brazilian poultry industry has considerable socioeconomic importance and the National Avian Health Program (Plano Nacional de Sanidade Avícola-PNSA) establishes official measures for the prevention, control, and surveillance of diseases mainly associated with poultry, i.e., salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis, and Newcastle disease (13). Among the numerous conditions that can affect wild birds (14), PNSA-recognized pathogens can impact avian health in both free-living and commercial flocks (9,10,(14)(15)(16). Whenever the decision is made to return confiscated individuals to the wild, it is crucial to avoid endangering the health, behavioral repertoire, and genetic and conservation status of wild populations of the species, as well as ensure the welfare of the released animals (6)(7)(8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential Health and Genetic Impacts of Releasing Confiscated Passerines Into the Wild: A Reduced-Risk Approach

et al. 2021

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The illegal capture and trade of wild birds have long been threats to biodiversity. The rehabilitation and release of confiscated animals may be a useful conservation tool in species management. However, differences between populations regarding health (e.g., different pathogens) and adaptation (e.g., local adaptation) must be taken into account, since both can negatively impact the recipient population. In this pilot study, we used two of the most illegally trafficked Brazilian wild passerine species, namely the red-crested cardinal (Paroaria coronata) and green-winged saltator (Saltator similis) as case studies and assessed some of the health threats that the release of confiscated passerines may pose to free-living birds. We also investigated the level of difference in mitochondrial genetic structure among populations living in different ecoregions. Blood, feces, and oropharyngeal swabs from confiscated (n = 115) and free-living (n = 120) passerines from the release sites were tested for the Newcastle disease virus, Salmonella spp., and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. These are considered major avian diseases by the Brazilian National Avian Health Program. We analyzed mtDNA to study the difference in genetic structure between populations using samples from 127 free-living passerines. We found no evidence of the Newcastle disease virus or Salmonella spp. in confiscated or free-living passerines from either species. However, the levels of infection with M. galissepticum detected in our study for red-crested cardinals and green-winged saltators calls for a high degree of caution in captive release programs. The difference in genetic structure between populations occurring in different regions was low, and was not significant between those from the Pampa/Subtropical Grasslands region. These results suggest that it may be possible to establish a cost-effective and sensitive protocol for releasing confiscated songbirds, provided that further genome-wide studies indicate that the functional genetic diversity among (at least some of the) populations is also low.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential Health and Genetic Impacts of Releasing Confiscated Passerines Into the Wild: A Reduced-Risk Approach

et al. 2021

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“…It has been suggested that bird feeding sites, especially dead birds and their droppings, may play a significant role in the transmission of salmonellosis to humans and increase the risk of infection [ 5 , 15 ]. It is believed that birds living in cities can act as disseminators of Salmonella spp., partly because pollution, microclimate and specific food in urban ecosystems affect bird immunity [ 17 ]. Birds living in rural areas, however, may differ greatly in terms of infection prevalence and dissemination, mainly due to differences in the structure of urban and rural habitats, human activity, species composition of birds and presence of farm animals [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of Evidence That Bird Feeders Are a Source of Salmonellosis during Winter in Poland

Frątczak

Indykiewicz

Dulisz

et al. 2021

Animals

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Bird feeders are known to be a transfer site for many important bird pathogens, such as zoonotic Salmonella spp., known to be widespread among wild birds in Poland. The aim of the study was to investigate (1) whether feeders can be a source of Salmonella spp., (2) whether the risk is the same for feeders located in cities and rural areas and (3) whether there is a different level of contamination with Salmonella spp. between old and new feeders. Data were collected in the period 12 January–28 February 2018 in four cities in Poland and nearby rural areas. In total, 204 feeders were sampled. The samples from feeders were taken after a 2-week period of feeding birds. Material for analysis consisted of the remains of food and feces. We did not find the presence of Salmonella spp. in any of the tested samples collected from bird feeders. Therefore, the estimated value of the 95% confidence interval for the binary data was 0.000–0.018. Reasons for the isolation of Salmonella spp. from feeders not being successful lie in the low intensity of bacterial shedding by infected wild birds and low survival of bacteria in the environment in bird feces—which are still not well studied.

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“…They are known to be reservoirs for several bacteria, such as Salmonella spp. [ 2 ], drug-resistant organisms, parasites, or viruses. In this regard, avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and vector-borne diseases such as West Nile (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV), could represent important zoonotic agents and/or have a high economic impact on zootechnical production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on the Presence of Viruses of Economic and Zoonotic Importance in Avifauna in Northern Italy

et al. 2021

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Wild birds play an important role in the circulation and spread of pathogens that are potentially zoonotic or of high economic impact on zootechnical production. They include, for example, West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which, despite having mostly an asymptomatic course in wild birds, have a strong impact on public health and zootechnical production. This study investigated the presence of these viruses in several wild bird species from North Italy during the biennium 2019–2020. Wild birds derived from 76 different species belonging to 20 orders. Out of 679 birds, 27 were positive for WNV (lineage 2) with a prevalence of 4%; all birds were negative for USUV; one gull was positive for H13N6 influenza virus, and 12 samples were positive for NDV with a prevalence of 2%. Despite the low prevalence observed, the analyses performed on these species provide further data, allowing a better understanding of the diffusion and evolution of diseases of both economic and zoonotic importance.

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Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp.

Cited by 4 publications

References 94 publications

A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential Health and Genetic Impacts of Releasing Confiscated Passerines Into the Wild: A Reduced-Risk Approach

A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential Health and Genetic Impacts of Releasing Confiscated Passerines Into the Wild: A Reduced-Risk Approach

Lack of Evidence That Bird Feeders Are a Source of Salmonellosis during Winter in Poland

Survey on the Presence of Viruses of Economic and Zoonotic Importance in Avifauna in Northern Italy

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