A novel application of nano eggshell/titanium dioxide composite on occluding dentine tubules: an in vitro study

Abstract

To synthesize Nano eggshell-titanium-dioxide (EB@TiO2) biocomposite and to evaluate its effectiveness in occluding opened dentine tubules. EB@TiO2 was synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Sixteen simulated bovine dentine discs were prepared and randomly assigned into four groups according to the following treatment (n = 4): Group 1: No treatment; Group 2: eggshell powder; Group 3: EB@TiO2; Group 4: Sensodyne. These were then agitated in a solution of 1g powder and 40mL water for 3hours. Thereafter, each dentine discs from the respective groups were post-treated for 5 min with 2wt% citric acid to test their acid resistant characteristics. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to observe the effectiveness of occluded dentine preand post-treatment. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized EB@TiO2 was tested using NIH 3T3 assay. ANOVA was used to evaluate the mean values of the occluded area ratio and the data of MTS assay. This was followed by a multi-comparison test with Bonferroni correction (α = .05). The XRD confirmed that EB@TiO2 was successfully modified through ball-milling. The TEM revealed the presence of both spherical and irregular particle shape powders. The SEM result showed that EB@TiO2 could effectively occlude open dentine tubules. Equally, the result demonstrated that EB@TiO2 exhibited the highest acid resistant stability post-treatment. NIH 3T3 assay identified that EB@TiO2 had little effect on the NIH 3T3 cell line even at the highest concentration of 100µg/ml. This study suggests that the application of EB@TiO2 effectively occluded dentine tubules and the occlusion showed a high acid resistant stability.

Evaluation of the Occluding Characteristics of Nanosized Eggshell/Titanium Dioxide with or without Saliva

“…These differences could be attributed to the modification of the carbonate structure in eggshell with titanium dioxide. 22 According to Cutler, 25 nanosized titanium dioxide, together with abrasive materials facilitate the occluding of dentine tubules, thus contributing to reducing of DH. Added to this, the nanosized calcium carbonate materials have unique high surface energy-thus facilitating the attachment of calcium-rich ions on the oral tooth surface.…”

“…Eggshell and titanium dioxide composite was prepared in accordance with the method reported in literature. 22 An extensive details of the surface morphology, particle sizes, and phase of the prepared EB@TiO 2 can be found in other reported papers. 22,27,28…”

“…The BHK21 hamster kidney cells were grown in the laboratory following the process of culturing normal tissues. 22 The cell viability were then evaluated using MTS assay. Auranofin was used as a negative control .…”

“…Given the above drawbacks, a new occluding material consisting of an eggshell modified titanium dioxide composite recently proposed in DH management. 22 Importantly, studies 23,24 have projected that the future of tooth remineralization will be the use of eggshell owing to its high bioavailability of calcium. Likewise, the use of titanium dioxide, particularly in nano form, and their combination with other abrasive agents have been proposed in the literature to occlude open dentine tubules.…”

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles – Prospects and Applications in Medicine

“…Medical/biological use [96] TiO2 (anatase, 25 nm) TiO2/Ag NPs commercial distribution of TiO2 anatase powder was mixed with silver nitrate, reduced and heated at 300 °C toxicity reduction of teeth whitening gels [97] TiO2 (anatase, ≤ 15μm) Eggshell-TiO2 composite (irregular, spherical shape particles, ≤ 13 nm)…”