The effect of smoking on bleeding on probing after nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a quasi-experimental study

Ardais, Rodrigo; Mário, Ticiane de Góes; Boligon, Jociana; Kantorski, Karla Zanini; Moreira, Carlos Heitor Cunha

doi:10.1590/1807-3107bor-2014.vol28.0058

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Several studies indicated that smokers had less PD reduction or CAL gain than non-smokers ( Table 1). The significant negative influence of smoking is confirmed by several studies (Ardais et al, 2014;Eltas & Orbak, 2012;Hughes et al, 2006;Jin et al, 2000;Palmer et al, 1999;Wan et al, 2009). However, some studies did not find such significant negative impact of smoking on clinical outcomes following non-surgical periodontal therapy (Feres et al, 2015;Guru et al, 2018;Preshaw et al, 2013;Türkoğlu et al, 2016).…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 88%

The impact of smoking on non‐surgical periodontal therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Chang

Meng

Lalla

et al. 2020

J Clinic Periodontology

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Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 88%

The impact of smoking on non‐surgical periodontal therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Chang

Meng

Lalla

et al. 2020

J Clinic Periodontology

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“…In this study, the association between BoP at T1 and PD ≥ 5 mm with BoP at T2 was stronger in smokers compared with non-smokers. More intense bleeding from deep pockets following nonsurgical periodontal therapy in smokers (Ardais et al 2014) can be explained by a hyper-inflammatory condition in gingival tissues, thus making BoP a strong predictor for disease progression during SPT. A tendency towards recurrence of periodontitis during SPT was supported by a significant increase in PD, BI, and PI in both smokers and non-smokers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Site‐specific treatment outcome in smokers following 12 months of supportive periodontal therapy

Bunæs

Lie

Åstrøm

et al. 2016

J Clinic Periodontology

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AimTo evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal health at patient, tooth, and site levels following supportive therapy.Materials and MethodsEighty chronic periodontitis patients, 40 smokers and 40 non‐smokers, were recruited to a single‐arm clinical trial. Periodontal examinations were performed at baseline (T0), 3 months following active periodontal therapy (T1), and 12 months following supportive periodontal therapy (T2). Smoking status was validated measuring serum cotinine levels. Probing depth (PD) ≥ 5 mm with bleeding on probing (BoP) was defined as the primary outcome. Logistic regression analyses adjusted for clustered observations of patients, teeth, and sites and mixed effects models were employed to analyse the data.ResultsAll clinical parameters improved from T0 to T2 (p < 0.001), whereas PD, bleeding index (BI), and plaque index (PI) increased from T1 to T2 in smokers and non‐smokers (p < 0.001). An overall negative effect of smoking was revealed at T2 (OR = 2.78, CI: 1.49, 5.18, p < 0.001), with the most pronounced effect at maxillary single‐rooted teeth (OR = 5.08, CI: 2.01, 12.78, p < 0.001). At the patient level, less variation in treatment outcome was detected within smokers (ICC = 0.137) compared with non‐smokers (ICC = 0.051).ConclusionSmoking has a negative effect on periodontal health following 12 months of supportive therapy, in particular at maxillary single‐rooted teeth.

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“…In our study, gingival biopsies were examined by immuno-histochemical technique which quantified the amount of CD3+, CD20+, CD68+ and CD45RO+ cells in inflammatory infiltrated gingival tissue. Common findings in cigarette smokers is that visual signs of inflammation are diminished among smokers ( 26 ). BOP and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volumes are reduced ( 27 ) and yet, periodontal bone loss is aggravated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of smoking on inflammatory cell infiltrate subtypes in gingival tissue of patients with chronic periodontitis

et al. 2017

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BackgroundExaminations on blood samples and gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with chronic periodontitis showed that smoking increased production of cytokines.ObjectiveTo evaluate the expression of immune markers on mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate at periodontitis and healthy tissue among smoking and non-smoking subjects.MethodsThis case-control study was performed on 41 patients who referred to a clinic of periodontology at a Mashhad dental school in Iran in 2016. The participants were all of Iranian Khorasanian ethnicity with age range of 35–65 years. Gingival biopsies were obtained during routine periodontal flap procedure. Immunohistochemistry using markers of CD20, CD3, CD68, and CD45RO was carried out. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 15, using one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test.ResultsNonsmoker subjects showed significantly greater numbers of CD20+, CD68+, CD3+ cells compared to smoker subjects, both at healthy and periodontitis tissue biopsies (p<0.00), whereas there was no significant difference in terms of CD45RO (p=0.120).ConclusionCigarette smoking, results in infiltrative mononuclear chronic inflammatory cells reduction in connective periodontium.

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The effect of smoking on bleeding on probing after nonsurgical periodontal therapy: a quasi-experimental study

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

The impact of smoking on non‐surgical periodontal therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The impact of smoking on non‐surgical periodontal therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Site‐specific treatment outcome in smokers following 12 months of supportive periodontal therapy

The effect of smoking on inflammatory cell infiltrate subtypes in gingival tissue of patients with chronic periodontitis

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