In vitro effect of energy drinks on human enamel surface

Abstract

Introduction Energy drinks (ED) possess low pH and citric acid in their composition, making them potentially erosive beverages that can contribute to the high dental erosion rates found currently in the general population and also in young people. Objective To evaluate the mean pH and titratable acidity of commercial ED and the influence of a brand of ED on the superficial microhardness of human enamel. Material and method Ten commercial ED were selected and the pH of two lots of each ED with and without gas was obtained. Acid titration was conducted with the addition of NaOH aliquots until the pH 7 was reached. Eighteen human enamel specimens were allocated in three groups (N=6), Red Bull (RB), Red Bull Light (RBL) and distilled water (C), submitted to an acid challenge with the ED, six consecutive times, with 12 hours intervals, during three days. Knoop microhardness was measured before and after the acid challenge. Result All ED brands tested presented low pH levels ranging from 2.1 to 3.2. Regarding titratable acidity, it was found that the amount of base required promoting the neutralization of the solutions ranged from 1200μL to 3750μL. Samples of human enamel in the RB and RBL groups submitted to the acid challenge presented significantly decreased Knoop microhardness when compared with the group C. Conclusion All ED examined have potential to promote mineral loss due to the low pH and high titratable acidity. The ED analyzed promoted significant mineral losses on the dental enamel surface.

Remineralization Potential of Lacto se- free and Plant based milk on Enamel surface of Human teeth subjected to Energy Drinks

“…In the herein study, our findings come in agreement with these data, as the measured TA of Power Horse drink and Cornelius was found to be 26.8 and 19.4 respectively; demonstrating higher enamel surface erosion of Power Horse beverage. This forgoing observation was coincident with Matumoto et al, 2018 (10) who detected significant decrease in micro-hardness of teeth soaked in 'Red Bullʼ ED which has low pH and high TA; being very difficult to be neutralized.…”

“…Another study demonstrated decreased surface micro-hardness of enamel after submersion in EDs (30) . Enamel hardness reduction is the primary evidence of erosion, which is a main sign of the action of erosive drinks in short periods (10) .…”

“…For pH measurement; a potentiometer (pH-Meter E520, Switzerland) was used where an electrode was connected and calibrated at pH 7 and pH 4 with a standard solution. The beverages to be tested were maintained at ambient temperature (~ 25°C) (10) .…”

“…The existence of acids lowers the pH of these drinks making them potentially erosive. Thus high consumers become more susceptible to serious dental problems and high rates of dental erosion (10) .…”

Surface degradation evaluation of different self‐adhesive restorative materials after prolonged energy drinks exposure

“…And, again in a similar study, Owens 31 observed that Red Bull had the highest total titratable acidity, indicating its high potential for erosion to the enamel structure. In another study, Red Bull was shown the energy drink which needed a larger amount of base to reach pH 7.0 than other drinks 32 …”