Histopathological features of post-mortem pituitaries: A retrospective analysis

Tortosa, Francisco; Fernández, Santiago Ortiz

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.62.05.399

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(35 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Additionally, it has been shown that young children with low birth weight—an index of intrauterine growth restriction—have a higher risk of developing hypertension, together with higher serum levels of cortisol, ACTH, and CRF [ 50 ]. In addition, post-mortem studies in hypertensive patients have shown higher levels of hypothalamic CRF mRNA and protein [ 51 ]. Interestingly, an increase in spontaneous neuronal activity was observed in the PVN of adult rats previously exposed to prenatal undernutrition [ 52 ], suggesting that parvocellular neurons of the PVN in these animals not only express but also release more CRF because of the higher rate of neuronal firing.…”

Section: Hypothalamic Crf Expression and Subsequent Development Of Hy...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Paraventricular-Coerulear Network on the Programming of Hypertension by Prenatal Undernutrition

Cayupe

Troncoso

Morgan

et al. 2022

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A crucial etiological component in fetal programming is early nutrition. Indeed, early undernutrition may cause a chronic increase in blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases, including stroke and heart failure. In this regard, current evidence has sustained several pathological mechanisms involving changes in central and peripheral targets. In the present review, we summarize the neuroendocrine and neuroplastic modifications that underlie maladaptive mechanisms related to chronic hypertension programming after early undernutrition. First, we analyzed the role of glucocorticoids on the mechanism of long-term programming of hypertension. Secondly, we discussed the pathological plastic changes at the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that contribute to the development of chronic hypertension in animal models of prenatal undernutrition, dissecting the neural network that reciprocally communicates this nucleus with the locus coeruleus. Finally, we propose an integrated and updated view of the main neuroendocrine and central circuital alterations that support the occurrence of chronic increases of blood pressure in prenatally undernourished animals.

show abstract

Section: Hypothalamic Crf Expression and Subsequent Development Of Hy...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Paraventricular-Coerulear Network on the Programming of Hypertension by Prenatal Undernutrition

Cayupe

Troncoso

Morgan

et al. 2022

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…be removed intact (12). After extraction, the pituitary glands were measured, weighed and fixed in 10% formalin.…”

Section: Angiogenesis and Hypoxia Markers In The Adenohypophysis And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypoxia Inducible Factor Expression and Angiogenesis – Analysis in the Pituitary Gland and Patterns of Death

Kouroupi

Sivridis

Papazoglou

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Background The pituitary (hypophysis), a small 0.5-g endocrine gland, is located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus; it is the "master gland" of the neuroendocrine system for it controls the function of other endocrine glands. The pituitary itself is regulated by the hypothalamus that is connected to the pituitary by a thin stalk, the pituitary stalk, which carries a delicate portal venous system. Microscopically, the pituitary is composed of two distinctive parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and posterior lobe (neurohypophysis) (1). The anterior lobe is a typical endocrine gland composed of cells that contain hormone-secreting cytoplasmic granules; these, after a conventional H&E staining, characterize the adenohypophyseal cells as acidophils, basophils and chromophobes. By immunohistochemistry, however, the cells are distinguished in somatotrophs (GH cells), prolactin secreting cells (PRL cells), corticotrophs (ACTH cells), thyrotrophs (TSH cells) and gonadotrophs (FSH and LH cells).As to the posterior lobe, this being an extension of the hypothalamus, is composed largely of axons of the hypothalamic neurons, with the cell bodies of the neurons synthesizing oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin.Recent studies suggest that hypoxia is a strong regulator of the function of both adeno-and neuro-hypophysis, presumably by regulating transcription of hormone mRNA through specific receptor activation (2, 3). Both protracted and intermittent hypoxia have been implicated in the regulation of hypophesial function (4-7). Hypoxia inducible factor 1α and 2α are principal transcription factor sensors of hypoxia (8). The α-subunits in the cytoplasm of cells dimerize with the β-subunit, enter the nuclei and exert their transcriptional activity on a large number of genes, including the key angiogenesis involved gene VEGF (9) and a variety of genes involved in glycolysis, metabolism, cell cycle and death pathways (10, 11).In the current study, we investigated the vascular density and the expression of HIF1α, HIF2α and VEGF in the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis of patients deceased from various acute or chronic diseases, in order to assess whether death patterns involving hypoxia have an effect on the hypophyseal sensing of hypoxic conditions. Materials and MethodsPituitary glands from 97 cadavars were collected at autopsy. The study has been approved by the local Ethics and Research Committees. The procedure involved opening the sellar diaphragm and fracturing the dorsum of the sella turcica to allow the gland to 185

show abstract

“…They are the second most common intracranial neoplasms, with an estimated incidence of 16.7% in the general population [ 2 ], (~78 to 116 cases per 100,000 people) [ 3 ]. According to autopsy studies, the prevalence is even higher and observed in 20–25% of cases [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK Pathways in Aggressive Pituitary Adenomas—New Potential Therapeutic Approach—A Systematic Review

Derwich

Sykutera

Bromińska

et al. 2023

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pituitary tumors (PT) are mostly benign, although occasionally they demonstrate aggressive behavior, invasion of surrounding tissues, rapid growth, resistance to conventional treatments, and multiple recurrences. The pathogenesis of PT is still not fully understood, and the factors responsible for its invasiveness, aggressiveness, and potential for metastasis are unknown. RAF/MEK/ERK and mTOR signaling are significant pathways in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and survival, its importance in tumorigenesis has been highlighted. The aim of our review is to determine the role of the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways in the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Additionally, we evaluate their potential in a new therapeutic approach to provide alternative therapies and improved outcomes for patients with aggressive pituitary tumors that do not respond to standard treatment. We perform a systematic literature search using the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases (search date was 2012–2023). Out of the 529 screened studies, 13 met the inclusion criteria, 7 related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and 7 to the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway (one study was used in both analyses). Understanding the specific factors involved in PT tumorigenesis provides opportunities for targeted therapies. We also review the possible new targeted therapies and the use of mTOR inhibitors and TKI in PT management. Although the RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways play a pivotal role in the complex signaling network along with many interactions, further research is urgently needed to clarify the exact functions and the underlying mechanisms of these signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas and their role in its invasiveness and aggressive clinical outcome.

show abstract

Histopathological features of post-mortem pituitaries: A retrospective analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

The Role of the Paraventricular-Coerulear Network on the Programming of Hypertension by Prenatal Undernutrition

The Role of the Paraventricular-Coerulear Network on the Programming of Hypertension by Prenatal Undernutrition

Hypoxia Inducible Factor Expression and Angiogenesis – Analysis in the Pituitary Gland and Patterns of Death

The Role of Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK Pathways in Aggressive Pituitary Adenomas—New Potential Therapeutic Approach—A Systematic Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About