The use of biomarkers in clinical osteoporosis

Abstract

Osteoporosis is a disease of ascending character in the world population; in this context, bone biomarkers are being increasingly studied in order to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of these patients. The main objective of this study was a literature review of articles whose main theme was the use of biomarkers for bone formation and degradation, and to evaluate their possible applicability in clinical practice. Literature review was performed through articles indexed and published in the last five years in the PubMed database. The findings of this study showed that most of the previously selected articles were published in the last two years, and the most cited markers were bone resorption, C-terminal collagen telopeptide (CTX), showing the highest correlation with the dynamics of bone, and the biomarker of bone formation, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), which is increased in the event of fracture or may suggest another bone disease. There was an increase in published articles, associating different bone biomarkers and their clinical applicability, especially for treatment control. Our findings suggest that in recent years there has been significant increase in publications evaluating the use of bone turnover biomarkers for bone formation and resorption and their possible clinical applicability, especially in the monitoring of treatment. Still, we believe that further studies need to be conducted to confirm these findings, given the advantages that bone biomarkers can deliver in the clinical management of the disease.

<p>High loads of nano-hydroxyapatite/graphene nanoribbon composites guided bone regeneration using an osteoporotic animal model</p>

“…No animals were lost throughout the study. The weight gain verified in our study is consistent with the data described in the literature, 26,[31][32][33][34][35][36] that oophorectomy produces an increase in weight due to a loss of estrogen, as estrogen increases energy consumption and thereby decreases body weight. Therefore, the energy consumption in animals with estrogenic suppression will be lower, and they will gain weight.…”

“…34 ALP may increase the local concentration of inorganic phosphorus or activate collagen fibers, causing calcium salts to be deposited in these tissues. 35 The analysis of cortical thickness is consistent with the data obtained from the biochemical analyses, which verify that mineralization was more evident in the groups that contained pure nHAp and GNR compared to the composites and control groups (more at 21 days). This suggests that the increase in the levels of ALP in G2 (only nHAp) is because it increases the deposition of inorganic phosphorus ions on bone tissues to a greater extent than GNR due to its chemical composition ( Figure 5A and B).…”

Association of serum uric acid levels with osteoporosis and bone turnover markers in a Chinese population

“…Bone loss occurs during the bone remodeling process, which is reflected by bone turnover markers (BTMs) [14] . Evaluating the associations between uric acid and BTMs, including osteocalcin, N-terminal procollagen of type I collagen (PINP) and β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), will offer more clues regarding the role of uric acid in bone metabolism.…”

Association of bone turnover markers with glucose metabolism in Chinese population

“…Bone remodeling is a dynamic process that includes the formation of new bone by osteoblasts followed by the resorption of older bone by osteoclasts. This process generates many bone turnover markers (BTMs) from bone cells or the bone matrix [5,6] . Specifically, serum osteocalcin is a small noncollagenous protein secreted by osteoblasts during bone formation, bone alkaline phosphatase promotes bone calcification, and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) is released by osteoblasts during the synthesis of collagen type I; all of these molecules are key markers of bone formation.…”

“…Regarding BTMs associated with the process of bone resorption, β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX) is the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen that is released by the degradation of mature type I collagen [7] , and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is an enzyme expressed on osteoclasts that is involved in the degradation of bone matrix during bone resorption [8] . In addition to being used as indicators of bone formation, as indicators of bone loss, for the assessment of osteoporosis therapy, or for the diagnosis of secondary osteoporosis [6] , these BTMs have been shown to be associated with energy metabolism in recent studies [9] .…”