Determination of aflatoxin M1 in breast milk and related factors

Doğan, Reyhan Aydın; Afacan, Merve; Özdemir, Mehmet Tayyip

doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20211077

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 27 publications

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“…Table 2 shows also that the levels of AFM1 in breast milk are highly variable among countries and even within the same country depending on many factors, such as the agroecological zone (AEZ), the season of the year, and the individual dietary habit of the nursing women and their level of education [ 46 , 47 , 149 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 ]. Irrespective of these factors, the highest AFM1 contents in breast milk were generally recorded in developing countries of Africa and Asia where they reached abnormally high levels.…”

Section: Risk Assessment Of Afm1 On Infant and Children’s Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Breast Milk Contamination with Aflatoxins, Impact on Children’s Health, and Possible Control Means: A Review

Benkerroum¹,

Ismail

2022

IJERPH

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Aflatoxins are natural toxicants produced mainly by species of the Aspergillus genus, which contaminate virtually all feeds and foods. Apart from their deleterious health effects on humans and animals, they can be secreted unmodified or carried over into the milk of lactating females, thereby posing health risks to suckling babies. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major and most toxic aflatoxin type after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). It contaminates human breast milk upon direct ingestion from dairy products or by carry-over from the parent molecule (AFB1), which is hydroxylated in the liver and possibly in the mammary glands by cytochrome oxidase enzymes and then excreted into breast milk as AFM1 during lactation via the mammary alveolar epithelial cells. This puts suckling infants and children fed on this milk at a high risk, especially that their detoxifying activities are still weak at this age essentially due to immature liver as the main organ responsible for the detoxification of xenobiotics. The occurrence of AFM1 at toxic levels in human breast milk and associated health conditions in nursing children is well documented, with developing countries being the most affected. Different studies have demonstrated that contamination of human breast milk with AFM1 represents a real public health issue, which should be promptly and properly addressed to reduce its incidence. To this end, different actions have been suggested, including a wider and proper implementation of regulatory measures, not only for breast milk but also for foods and feeds as the upstream sources for breast milk contamination with AFM1. The promotion of awareness of lactating mothers through the organization of training sessions and mass media disclosures before and after parturition is of a paramount importance for the success of any action. This is especially relevant that there are no possible control measures to ensure compliance of lactating mothers to specific regulatory measures, which can yet be appropriate for the expansion of breast milk banks in industrialized countries and emergence of breast milk sellers. This review attempted to revisit the public health issues raised by mother milk contamination with AFM1, which remains undermined despite the numerous relevant publications highlighting the needs to tackle its incidence as a protective measure for the children physical and mental health.

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