OBJECTIVE: Breastfeeding in women with aflatoxin M1 exposure may be a risk factor for the newborn. Thus, it is crucial to determine aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk and raise mothers' awareness about nutrition in lactation and other periods. This study was carried out to determine aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk samples taken from mothers who gave birth. METHODS:The study was carried out in the postpartum department of Training and Research Hospital between December 31, 2018, and June 31, 2019, and 90 breastfeeding mothers were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 75 (83.3%) of the examined samples were found positive. The mean aflatoxin M1 ratio in positive samples was 12.16 pg/mL (5.00-23.18 pg/mL). Mothers' consumption of processed food was associated with aflatoxin M1 levels (p=0.043). It was determined that the aflatoxin M1 levels of mothers who consumed processed food products 1 or 2 times a month were 3.22 times lower than those who consumed 1-2 times a week. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasized the importance of monitoring aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk for infant health. It is thought that nutrition education given to mothers during pregnancy will significantly impact aflatoxin M1 results. In addition, the dangers of mycotoxins in mother-infant nutrition should be emphasized regularly in health education.

INTRODUCTIONAlthough the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased in developed countries over recent decades through effective screening programs, it continues to be an important health problem, especially in developing countries. With 569,847 new cases and 311,365 deaths worldwide in 2018, cervical cancer is expected to be the fourth most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death among women. Out of these deaths, 90% occur in underdeveloped or developing countries. In 2018, 2,356 new cases and 1,280 deaths related to cervical cancer were seen in Turkey. 1 Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. 2 It has been estimated that the lifetime probability of acquiring HPV exceeds 80% among women and 90% among men. 3 Different groups of HPVs exist, with different epithelial tropisms (cutaneous and mucosal) and life-cycle strategies. Many HPVs are classified as low risk (lrHPV) because they are very rarely associated with neoplasia or cancer in the general population. These lrHPVs typically cause indeterminate/undetectable infections or benign papillomas that can last for months or years but are eventually cleared by the host's immune system. High-risk HPV (hrHPV) types are the cause of many major human cancers, including almost all cases of cervical cancer, a large proportion of other anogenital cancers and an increasing number of head and neck tumors. 4 HPV infections can be temporary or permanent. Most cervical HPV infections (around 90%) are cleared by cell-mediated immunity within one to two years of exposure. In lrHPV infections, clearance occurs within a shorter period than in hrHPV infections.Among all HPV infections, 5%-10% cause persistent disease. 5Cervical cancer has a long preinvasive period due to lesions associated with persistent hrHPV infection. Early diagnosis of these preinvasive lesions using screening methods (HPV DNA tests,

Objective The study was conducted to determine the quality of life and depression of women with gestational diabetes during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Methods 100 pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 100 healthy pregnant women were included in the present study. Data were obtained from pregnant women in their third trimester who agreed to take part in the study. The data was collected during the third trimester and six to eight weeks after the baby was born. The data were obtained by socio-demographic characteristics form, postpartum data collection form, the MOS 36 Item Short Form Health Survey and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). Results The mean age of pregnant women with gestational diabetes in the study was the same as the average age of healthy pregnant women. The CESD score of pregnant women with gestational diabetes was 26,77 ± 4,85 while the corresponding score was 25,19 ± 4,43 for healthy women. Additionally, the score in the postpartum period was 32.47 ± 5.94 for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and 35.47 ± 8.33 for healthy pregnant women. CESD scores were found to be higher than the cut-off score of 16 in both groups, and the mean scores increased during the postpartum period. Conclusion During the postpartum period, the quality of life of pregnant women with gestational diabetes was affected more negatively than healthy pregnant women. Depressive symptoms of women with both gestational diabetes and healthy pregnancy were found to be high in pregnancy and postpartum periods.

Amaç: Bu çalışma COVID-19 pandemisi sırasında gebelerde yaşanan anksiyete durumunu ve etkileyen faktörleri saptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Hastane tabanlı tanımlayıcı olan çalışmaya 146 gebe dahil edilmiştir. Veriler kişisel veri formu ve Beck Anksiyete Envanteri (BECK-A) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Gebelerin anksiyete düzeyine etki eden faktörler lineer regresyon modeliyle açıklanmıştır. Bulgular: Gebelerin yaş ortalaması 28.14±5.43 yıl ve gebelik haftası 23.44±10.74 hafta olarak saptanmıştır. Gebelerin %19.2’sinin orta düzey anksiyeteye ve %6,6’inin de yüksek düzey anksiyeteye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Lineer regresyon analizi, yaşayan çocuğun varlığının, yakınının COVID-19 olma durumunun ve gebelikte kontrole gitme sıklığının Beck anksiyete puanının en iyi yordayıcısı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur (p değerleri sırasıyla 0.000, 0.037 ve 0.042). Sonuç: Bu çalışma, COVID-19 salgınının gebelerin anksiyetesi üzerinde olumsuz etkisinin olduğunu göstermiştir. Aileden ya da yakınlarından herhangi birinin COVID-19 ile enfekte olması gebelerde anksiyete arttırdığı görülmüştür. Sağlık sisteminde özellikle, bulaşıcı hastalık salgınları sırasında zihinsel travmayı önlemek için oldukça savunmasız nüfusa sahip gebeler için kapsamlı tedavi planları oluşturması önerilmektedir.

<b>Background: </b>Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is among the most significant and frequent causes of admission to the gynecology outpatient clinic. AUBs may manifest as the earliest sign of endometrial cancer. For the early detection and treatment of endometrial cancer, careful examination of AUBs is crucial.<br /> <b>Aim: </b>The study was conducted to retrospectively evaluate the histopathological results of probe curettage materials applied to women who applied to the gynecology clinic for AUB and were hospitalized with the complaint of AUB.<br /> <b>Material and Methods: </b>In the retrospective study planned between 2020 and 2021, all endometrial biopsies from 638 women with AUB reported to the gynecology clinic were reviewed and analyzed. The data were obtained from the archives of our hospital's gynecology and obstetrics clinic and pathology clinic.<br /> <b>Results:</b> 638 cases were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 47.94±9.53 years. Malignant pathology was detected in 20 cases (3.13%). Nineteen of these cases were seen in postmenopausal women. The most common pathology was found to be benign polyps at a rate of 19.91%. It was the most common benign pathology in women pre- and postmenopausal. Adenocarcinoma was detected in 13 (2.03%) postmenopausal cases while in only 1 (0.16%) of the premenopausal women.<br /> <b>Conclusion:</b> Since more malignant pathologies are observed in postmenopausal women, women with asymptomatic or AUB complaints should be carefully monitored, and endometrial evaluation should not be skipped. Endometrial biopsies are valuable in the early detection of pre-cancerous and cancerous endometrial lesions, especially in postmenopausal women.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada çocukluk çağı aşılanması ile aşı reddine karşı ailelerin genel tutum ve görüşlerinin saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Karabük’te yaşayan ve çocuklarını Karabük eğitim araştırma hastanesi çocuk polikliniğine kontrole getiren 0-12 yaş çocuğu olan 198 anne dahil edildi. Literatür doğrultusunda hazırlanan sosyo-demografik özellikler, güncel aşı takvimini ve çocukluk çağı aşıları ile ilgili bilgileri içeren 33 sorudan oluşan veri toplama formu kullanıldı. Bulgular: Annelerin aşı reddi oranı %6,6 olarak saptanmıştır. Aşı reddinde olan annelerin aşılama takvimi boyunca çocuklarını en bir kez aşıladığı saptanmıştır. Aşı ile ilgili edinilen bilginin %70,2 oranında sosyal medya olduğu saptanmıştır. Annelerin aşı reddi nedenleri Binary lojistik regresyon incelendi. Modelde anne yaşının aşı reddi üzerinde 0,19 kat, çocuklarında aşı yan etkisi yaşamanın da 4,22 kat etkili olduğu saptandı. Sonuç: Çalışma annelerin aşılama programına güvendiği ve aşılara karşı görüşlerinin olumsuz olmadığı görüldü. Aşı güvenliği de dahil olmak üzere aşılar hakkında çevrimiçi ve aşı randevularında bilgi, aşıya olan güveni korumak için önemli olduğu görüldü. Aşı reddi konusunda en güvenli bilginin sağlık çalışanlarından alınması ve şekilde de aşı reddi oranının düşeceği düşülmektedir.

Background: Teaching and evaluating fetal development are essential for evaluating maternal and fetal health in the midwifery profession. Objectives: The present study was carried out to examine the validity and reliability of the fetal Development Assessment Information Scale (FDAIS). Methods: The study data were collected online between March 25 and May 15, 2021, via social media accounts of midwifery students with convenience sampling. 410 midwifery students were included in the study. The data were analyzed using SPSS-AMOS software version 20, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and frequency percentage), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The suitability of the data for factor analysis was investigated by the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient and by Barlett's test of sphericity. Results:The content validity index of the draft scale was 87%. Kaiser Meyer Olkin test value was 0.927, and the sample was found to be adequate and appropriate. On the other hand, the Bartlett test was obtained as χ2(253) =2648,074 p<0.001, and it was accepted that the scale fulfilled the requirements for exploratory factor analysis. The scale took its final form and consisted of 23 items and one dimension due to the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The total percentage of variance explained was 36,50%. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.89 high. According to the results of the CFA analysis, when the FDAIS goodness-of-fit indexes are examined; RMSEA 0.046; While it shows acceptable agreement with χ2; GFI 0.916; CFI 0.918; It was found that it was in perfect agreement with (p=0.000). Conclusion: According to the findings, the Fetal Development Assessment Information Scale (FDAIS) is a valid and reliable measurement tool for undergraduate midwifery students in Turkey and can be used in studies.

Objective: The aim of this pilot study is to teach midwifery students fetal development with the Fetal Development Application created by virtual reality (VR) technology, an innovative application, and to acquire their reflections on their experiences. Methods: A descriptive qualitative research design was used. The VR application was created by visualizing the fetal development, umbilical cord and placenta localization week by week and transferring them to the virtual environment. Forty-two midwifery students who experienced the practice were included in the study. Students who had previously taken fetal development in the normal pregnancy course were shown the application with VR glasses in the laboratory environment. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a semi-structured interview form and a Presence Questionnaire developed by the researchers. They evaluated students’ perceptions of the practice’s strengths and weaknesses and whether the game would be useful as a learning too. Results: The thematic analysis resulted in the following components of the practice experience: interaction, motivation, knowledge, and realism. Students reported that it is effective for understanding fetal development and can be used in lessons. These results highlighted students’ acceptance of technology as a teaching and learning resource and showed potential for future developments. Conclusion: In line with these results, it was seen that the effect of the application was permanent. It has been seen that the VR method has a good practice effect in teaching fetal development and midwifery practice. More research is needed to assess whether students’ learning and retention of knowledge are improved using this new technology.