Analysis of Water in the Chicken Eggshell Using the 1H Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Abstract

The water content of the chicken eggshell has a major influence on gas (CO 2 and O 2 ) permeability. Inappropriate water loss during the incubation period increases embryo mortality and decreases chick quality. So far only the procedures that enable to determine the total water content in the eggshell have been described and developed. Our analysis of the 1 H MAS NMR spectra of the chicken eggshell samples revealed three signals, differing significantly in the chemical shift and relaxation times (T1) parameters. In this work we have assigned those signals and described the changes in their intensities that occur during the incubation period. Using 1 H MAS NMR it is possible to distinguish two types of water reservoirs in the chicken eggshell. This approach can be used for more detailed analysis of the water content in the eggshells.

Importance of Emulsification in Calibrating Infrared Spectroscopes for Analyzing Water Contamination in Used or In-Service Engine Oil

“…Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy has been used to discriminate among relatively low water concentrations (0%, 1%, 2% v/v) in conventional diesel engine oil with statistically significant differences among the water levels [17]. Also, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has been used for various studies including studying the degradation of engine oil [18] analysis of the water content in chicken eggshells [19], detection of oil contamination in water [20], etc. With the decrease in cost and size, NMR devices have the potential to replace the more common methods of detection.…”

Assessment of Eggshell Membrane as a New Type of Proton-Conductive Membrane in Fuel Cells

“…12 Signals were also observed at 4.824, 3.780, and 1.263 ppm in the 1 H MAS spectrum, indicating that hydrogen-bonding protons 13,14 in water were present in the eggshell membrane (Figure S3). In addition, peaks were attributed to cystine (37−43 ppm), 15 lipids (51.91 and 58.03 ppm), 16 and carbonyl groups of proteins (172.14 ppm) 16 in the 13 C CP MAS spectrum (Figure S4). Therefore, the structural order of the eggshell membrane was maintained by hydrogen bonding and cystine.…”

“…Figure S2 reveals a broad peak (amine, 3200–3500 cm –1 ), 9 two distinct peaks (amide, 1652 and 1385 cm –1 ), 9 and another single peak (S–C in cystine, 661 cm –1 ). 12 Signals were also observed at 4.824, 3.780, and 1.263 ppm in the 1 H MAS spectrum, indicating that hydrogen-bonding protons 13 , 14 in water were present in the eggshell membrane ( Figure S3 ). In addition, peaks were attributed to cystine (37–43 ppm), 15 lipids (51.91 and 58.03 ppm), 16 and carbonyl groups of proteins (172.14 ppm) 16 in the 13 C CP MAS spectrum ( Figure S4 ).…”

“…The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsomega.1c06687. DSC, IR spectrum, 1 H MAS spectrum, 13 C CP MAS spectrum, diffuse reflectance spectrum, and SEM images of eggshell membrane; photographs of the eggshell membrane and fuel cells; and table of process number and chemicals to obtain the eggshell membrane (PDF)…”

Influence of Sample Mixing Techniques on Engine Oil Contamination Analysis by Infrared Spectroscopy

“…When it comes to analyzing water contamination of used or in-service engine oil, FT-IR analysis stands apart from other commonly employed techniques because it can measure dissolved, free, and emulsified water, and correlates well with the Karl Fischer method [1][2][3]. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is quite good at detecting all three of these states of water at low concentrations, but, while it has been employed in research to study the degradation of oil [4] and even the water content in eggshells [5], it has not yet become a mainstay in commercial labs for measuring water contamination in engine oil. As NMR devices decrease in cost and size, they may become more prevalent for this purpose.…”