Toxicity of clove essential oil and its ester eugenyl acetate against Artemia salina

Abstract

The production of compounds via enzymatic esterification has great scientific and technological interest due to the several inconveniences related to acid catalysis, mainly by these systems do not fit to the concept of "green chemistry". Besides, natural products as clove oil present compounds with excellent biological potential. Bioactives compounds are often toxic at high doses. The evaluation of lethality in a less complex animal organism can be used to a monitoring simple and rapid, helping the identification of compounds with potential insecticide activity against larvae of insect vector of diseases. In this sense, the toxicity against Artemia salina of clove essential oil and its derivative eugenyl acetate obtained by enzymatic esterification using Novozym 435 as biocatalyst was evaluated. The conversion of eugenyl acetate synthesis was 95.6%. The results about the evaluation of toxicity against the microcrustacean Artemia salina demonstrated that both oil (LC 50 = 0.5993 µg.mL -1 ) and ester (LC 50 = 0.1178 µg.mL -1 ) presented high toxic potential, being the eugenyl acetate almost 5 times more toxic than clove essential oil. The results reported here shows the potential of employing clove oil and eugenyl acetate in insecticide formulations.Keywords: Novozym 435, Caryophyllus aromaticus, enzymatic esterification.Toxicidade do óleo essencial de cravo e seu éster acetato de eugenila contra Artemia salina ResumoA produção de compostos via esterificação enzimática possui grande interesse científico e tecnológico devido às inúmeras inconveniências relacionadas com a catálise ácida, principalmente por estes sitemas não se adequarem ao atual termo "tecnologias limpas". Além disso, produtos naturais como o óleo de cravo, apresentam compostos com excelentes potenciais biológicos. Compostos bioativos são quase sempre tóxicos em altas doses. A avaliação da letalidade em um organismo animal menos complexo pode ser usada para um monitoramento simples e rápido, servindo também para a identificação de compostos com potencial atividade inseticida contra larvas de insetos vetores de doenças. Neste sentido, foi determinada a toxicidade frente a Artemia salina do óleo essencial de cravo e do seu derivado acetato de eugenila obtido por esterificação enzimática com lipase Novozym 435. A conversão da reação de síntese de acetato de eugenila foi de 95,6%. Os resultados referentes à avaliação da toxicidade frente ao microcrustáceo Artemia salina demonstraram que tanto o óleo (LC 50 = 0,5993 µg.mL -1 ) quanto o éster (LC 50 = 0,1178 µg.mL -1 ) apresentam elevado potencial toxicológico, sendo que o éster apresenta aproximadamente 5 vezes mais toxicidade em relação ao óleo. Estes resultados demonstram o potencial emprego do óleo de cravo e de acetato de eugenila em formulações de inseticidas.Palavras-chave: Novozym 435, Caryophyllus aromaticus, esterificação enzimática.

Evaluation of active ingredients and larvicidal activity of clove and cinnamon essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (sensu lato)

“…Clove and cinnamon essential oils under investigation were found to have one common main active ingredient, Eugenol (4-alil-2-methoxyphenol). A similar chemical composition has been described for these essential oils with different extraction techniques [ 29 ]. The mortality caused by cinnamon was found to be higher than that caused by the clove essential oils, which might be attributed to the presence of β-linalool, found in cinnamon essential oils although in a small proportion.…”

Chemical Composition andIn VitroAntioxidant, Cytotoxic, Antimicrobial, and Larvicidal Activities of the Essential Oil ofMentha piperitaL. (Lamiaceae)

“…Initially, 250 mL of synthetic sea salt solution (35.5 g/L) was prepared for incubation of 25 mg of A. salina eggs, which were exposed to artificial light in 24-hour period for onset of lava (metanauplius); then, the metanauplii were separated and placed in the dark for 24 h period to reach nauplii stage [17–19]. …”

Physical, Thermal, and Antibacterial Effects of Active Essential Oils with Potential for Biomedical Applications Loaded onto Cellulose Acetate/Polycaprolactone Wet-Spun Microfibers

“…The behavior of CO compared to CLO or CJO may be explained by the affinity of its components to the CA/PCL polymer blend. CO is composed of 80% eugenol and 9% eugenyl acetate, which structure is very similar to eugenol [34,39]. Both possess free hydroxyl groups that may become available to the polymeric blend for binding, promoting the formation of intricated bonds that may turn the overall surface more hydrophobic, thus reducing the microfiber diameter.…”