Baicalein restrains proliferation, migration, and invasion of human malignant melanoma cells by down-regulating colon cancer associated transcript-1

Abstract

Baicalein (BAI) is an acknowledged flavonoids compound, which is regarded as a useful therapeutic pharmaceutical for numerous cancers. However, its involvement in melanoma is largely unknown. This study aimed to examine the anti-melanoma function of BAI and unraveled the regulatory mechanism involved. A375 and SK-MEL-28 were treated with BAI for 24 h. Then, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, and transwell assay were carried out to investigate cell growth, migration, and invasion. RT-qPCR was applied to detect the expression of colon cancer associated transcript-1 (CCAT1) in melanoma tissues and cells. The functions of CCAT1 in melanoma cells were also evaluated. Western blot was utilized to appraise Wnt/β-catenin or MEK/ERK pathways. BAI restrained cell proliferation and stimulated cell apoptotic capability of melanoma by suppressing cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-PARP. Cell migratory and invasive abilities were restrained by BAI via inhibiting MMP-2 and vimentin. CCAT1 was over-expressed in melanoma tissues and down-regulated by BAI in melanoma cells. Overexpressed CCAT1 reversed the BAI-induced anti-growth, anti-migratory, and anti-invasive effects. Furthermore, BAI inhibited Wnt/β-catenin and MEK/ERK pathways-axis via regulating CCAT1. Our study indicated that BAI blocked Wnt/β-catenin and MEK/ERK pathways via regulating CCAT1, thereby inhibiting melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.

Anti-Fungal Efficacy and Mechanisms of Flavonoids

“…Flavonoids have been found to be effective antifungal agents against a wide range of pathogenic organisms represented in Table 1 [86,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]. Several in vivo and clinical investigations have reported that the flavonoids show various pharmacological functions; viz., anti-oxidant [68,69], antidiabetic [70], anti-obesity [71], anti-hyperlipidemic [72], anti-inflammatory [73], antiosteoporotic effect [74], antiallergic and antithrombotic [75], hepatoprotective [76], neuroprotective [77], renoprotective [78], chemopreventive and anticancer [79,80], anti-bacterial, antifungal, and anti-viral activities [81][82][83][84].…”

“…Several in vivo and clinical investigations have reported that the flavonoids show various pharmacological functions; viz., anti-oxidant [68,69], antidiabetic [70], anti-obesity [71], anti-hyperlipidemic [72], anti-inflammatory [73], antiosteoporotic effect [74], antiallergic and antithrombotic [75], hepatoprotective [76], neuroprotective [77], renoprotective [78], chemopreventive and anticancer [79,80], anti-bacterial, antifungal, and anti-viral activities [81][82][83][84]. Flavonoids can inhibit the in vitro proliferation of various cancer cell lines, and decrease tumor growth in various animal models [85][86][87]. They are recognized as antioxidants and possess free radical quenching properties.…”

“…Flavonoids have been found to be effective antifungal agents against a wide range of pathogenic organisms represented in Table 1 [86,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104]. The screening of antifungal flavonoids from plants has been assayed by using broth dilution, spore germination, and agar well or the disk diffusion.…”

Regulation of Long Non-Coding RNAs by Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Novel Anticancer Therapeutic Approach

“…In addition to reducing cell proliferation by increasing the percentage of apoptotic cells, this natural compound could reduce cell invasion and migration. Moreover, inhibiting CCAT1 expression inhibited the MEK/ERK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways axis by reducing the expression of Wnt-3a, β-catenin, MEK, and ERK genes [ 117 ]. Baicalein could reduce tumor growth, migration, and proliferation in cervical cancer xenograft tumors and cervical cell lines in both a time and concentration-dependent manner.…”

Natural Marine and Terrestrial Compounds as Modulators of Matrix Metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in Alzheimer’s Disease

“…The anti-proliferative potential of Bai was also studied in melanoma cell lines (A375 and SK-MEL-28), where MMP-2 expression was significantly reduced in cells treated with Bai [ 138 ]. Moreover, Bai was tested in a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell line (BON1 cells), and the observed reduction of tumor migration and invasion related to the decreased MMP-2 and MMP-9 [ 139 ].…”