A review on edible vaccines and their prospects

Abstract

For a long time, vaccines have been the main mode of defense and protection against several bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. However, the process of production and purification makes them expensive and unaffordable to many developing nations. An edible vaccine is when the antigen is expressed in the edible part of the plant. This reduces the cost of production of the vaccine because of ease of culturing. In this article, various types of edible vaccines that include algal and probiotics in addition to plants are discussed. Various diseases against which research has been carried out are also reviewed. This article focused on the conception of edible vaccines highlighting the various ways by which vaccines can be delivered.

Functional Food for the Stimulation of the Immune System Against Malaria

“… Gut microbiome Plasmodium sp. NA Microbial metabolite from gut microbiota could be the molecule influencing the host immunity A case for mucosal immunization for pathogens including malaria is made [ 105 – 107 ] 23. Lactobacilli (i.e., Lactobacillus casei subsp.…”

“…Gut microbiota has a great impact in modulating immune response [ 24 , 76 ], implicated in parasite clearance [ 25 , 76 , 77 ] and a potential tool for vaccine development [ 74 , 85 , 105 – 107 ]. Considering all evidence from the role of gut microbiota in malaria severity, the time is ripe for an intensified study on probiotics for the control of malaria and prevention of its severe form in which development of functional food is vital.…”

Exploring algae and cyanobacteria as a promising natural source of antiviral drug against SARS-CoV-2

“…If contamination is prevented then it is possible to accumulate up to 1 mg of the recombinant antigen for each gram of biomass of dried algae. Subsequently, the dehydrated/lyophilized algae can be encapsulated to generate an “oral vaccine.” The cell wall from the dry algae protects the antigens from the harsh acidic and protease-rich gastric environment, enabling the bioactive molecule to reach the intestinal immune system where it can stimulate cellular and humoral responses, hopefully, leading to effective immunization [ 81 ].…”

The Role of Mucosal Immunity and Recombinant Probiotics in SARS-CoV2 Vaccine Development

“…All advantages of LAB have been made as promising candidates for mucosal vaccine delivery vectors. These advantages are related to their safety, simplicity, noninvasiveness of oral or intranasal administration, feasibility of genetic modifications, cost-effectiveness, ability to elicit high levels of mucosal and systemic antibodies [ 87 ] and circumvent the cold chain, low probability of gene transfer due to their particular genetic replication system, and narrow host-range plasmids [ 112 , 138 , 139 ]. In some vaccine studies, the enhancement of B cell and antibody responses has been reported prior to or simultaneous with administration of probiotic with vaccination [ 135 ].…”