Apolipoprotein B and angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms and aerobic interval training: randomized controlled trial in coronary artery disease patients

Abstract

Physical training has been strongly recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetic polymorphisms have been studied to understand the biological variability in response to exercise among individuals. This study aimed to verify the possible influence of apolipoprotein B (ApoB: rs1042031 and rs693) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE-ID: rs1799752) genotypes on the lipid profile and functional aerobic capacity, respectively, after an aerobic interval training (AIT) program in patients with CAD and/or cardiovascular risk factors. Sixty-six men were randomized and assigned to trained group (n=32) or control group (n=34). Cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed to determine the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) from cardiorespiratory variables. The AIT program, at an intensity equivalent to %VAT (70–110%), was conducted three times a week for 16 weeks. ApoB gene polymorphisms (−12669C>T (rs1042031) and −7673G>A (rs693)) were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene (rs1799752) was identified through PCR and fragment size analysis. After 16 weeks, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels increased in the trained and control groups with the GA+AA genotype (−7673G>A) of the ApoB gene. Trained groups with ACE-II and ACE-ID genotypes presented an increase in oxygen consumption (VO2VAT) and power output after the AIT program. The presence of the ACE I-allele was associated with increased aerobic functional capacity after the AIT program. Increased LDL levels were observed over time in patients with the −7673G>A polymorphism of the ApoB gene. Trial Registration Information: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02313831

Distribution of allele frequencies for genes associated with physical activity and/or physical capacity in a homogenous Norwegian cohort- a cross-sectional study

“…ACE codes for the angiotensin-converting enzyme and plays a role in blood pressure regulation [29]. It also influences skeletal muscle metabolism [30] and thus aerobic capacity [31,32]. Aerobic capacity has been shown to be an important determinant for PA levels [33].…”

Detection of the Association between ACE Gene Polymorphism and Lipid Profiles Level in Some Iraqi Hypertensive Patients

“…ACE is an important factor in RAS and it stimulates the conversion of the angiotensin I into angiotensin II. 24 The ACE I/D variants affect ACE action and lead to changes in the RAS. Therefore, ACE I/D polymorphism is associated with changes in RAS system components and may cause obesity and insulin resistance.…”

“…23 ACE I/D polymorphism indirectly affects the regulation of lipids. 24 ACE is connected with some cardiovascular abnormalities such as myocardial infarction, 25 cardiovascular diseases, 26 strokes and coronary heart disease. 27 Some studies have evaluated the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and hypertension in North Indian, 28 Chinese, 29 and Brazilian population.…”

Chronic Effects of Different Intensities of Interval Training on Hemodynamic, Autonomic and Cardiorespiratory Variables of Physically Active Elderly People

“…The cardiovascular system, among other factors such as endocrine factors, is driven by autonomic [13] and hemodynamic [14,15] actions, in which an integrated way provides the functional e ciency of this system [16].…”