Production of Methyl Esters by Enzymatic Hydroesterification of Chicken Fat Industrial Residue

Abstract

The feedstock cost can comprise more than 75% of the overall biodiesel cost, and then economic issues are the main limitations of biodiesel production. This research focused on the use of alternative feedstock and production processes. The production of fatty acid esters from residues becomes an interesting alternative route since it is possible to reduce the cost of the process. The present work aimed to produce methyl esters from the residual oil of the poultry industry, using a commercial soluble lipase Eversa Transform 2.0® (NS-40116). The effects of methanol (1.2 to 1.8 eqv), water (1 to 2 wt%) and enzyme (0.1 to 0.5 wt%) contents on reaction conversion were evaluated through a 2³ experimental design with three central points, at 45 ºC, 250 rpm for 16 and 24 h of reaction time. From the results, by using 0.3 wt% enzyme, 1.5 wt% water, and 1.5 eqv of methanol it was possible to reach the most effective esters conversion (90.61%).

Performance of Liquid Eversa on Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Production by Simultaneous Esterification/Transesterification of Low-to-High Acidity Feedstocks

“…In general, even using raw material with different acidities, the Eversa performance was very close. In relation to the initial saponifiable matter (91-96 wt.% saponification index), the conversion of saponifiable matter to FAEEs was up to around 90%, showing the good performance of this enzyme for lowly and highly-acid raw materials, as already demonstrated with other fatty materials [1,4,7,8,10,11,13,14,19,55,[57][58][59]. For example, Miranda et al, [5] reported FAEE yields around 90 wt.% after 48 h of reaction in the presence of 6.0% water, using liquid Eversa and refined soybean oil.…”

“…There is in the market a low-cost liquid lipase (Eversa Transform, a variant lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus) specially formulated for the biodiesel industry [1][2][3][4]. It has been reported that this enzyme exhibits excellent performance in both liquid and immobilized forms, with both methanol and ethanol as acyl acceptors, and using refined and acid feedstocks (alkyl esters yields up to 99%) (Table A1 in Appendix A) [1,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Enzymatic ethanolysis of high free fatty acid jatropha oil using Eversa Transform

“…Eversa Transform 2.0 was launched on the market at a lower cost compared to the traditionally used enzymes (20.0 USD kg À1 ), 42 making the production of biodiesel by enzymatic catalysis using low-cost oily feedstocks promising. 43,44 Biodiesel production using liquid enzyme Eversa Transform as the catalyst, without enzyme reuse, resulted in a production cost of 0.78 US$ kg À1 , corresponding to a profit of 51.6 million US$ year À1 , for an annual biodiesel production of 250 000 tons.…”

Immobilized Biocatalysts of Eversa® Transform 2.0 and Lipase from Thermomyces Lanuginosus: Comparison of Some Properties and Performance in Biodiesel Production

“…In any case, due to these problems of unsuitable immobilization support selection and the costs of the immobilization processes, and thanks to the relatively low price and high activity of some of the liquid lipase commercial formulations, there is a growing interest in the use of liquid enzyme formulations for the production of biodiesel [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61]. In fact, Novozymes ® has launched an enzyme formulation, currently called Eversa ® Transform 2.0 (ET), which has been proposed to be used as a biocatalyst in the production of biodiesel in liquid form [62][63][64][65][66][67][68]. This enzyme is an industrial evolution of a traditional lipase, the one from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) [69][70][71][72][73][74].…”

“…These combilipases usually give better results than a single lipase. However, in any case, ET has been successfully employed in many biodiesel processes [62][63][64][65][66][67][68].…”