Performance of Liquid Eversa on Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters Production by Simultaneous Esterification/Transesterification of Low-to-High Acidity Feedstocks

Abstract

Liquid Eversa was evaluated in hydrolysis of acylglycerols from soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD), as well as simultaneous esterification/transesterification of SODD with low-to-high free fatty acids (FFAs) content using ethanol as acyl acceptor. Hydrolysis of SODD at mild temperature (37 °C) and without pH control (water:SODD mass ratio of 4:1) increased its FFAs content from 17.2 wt.% to 72.5 wt.% after 48 h reaction. A cold saponification of SODD allowed a saponification phase (SODD-SP) to be recovered with 93 wt.% saponification index and 2.25 wt.% FFAs content, which was used to find the experimental conditions for simultaneous esterification/transesterification reactions by experimental design. Temperature of 35 °C, enzyme concentration of 8.36 wt.%, and molar ratio of 3.64:1 (ethanol:SODD-SP) were found as the best conditions for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) production from SODD-SP (86.56 wt.% ester yield after 23 h reaction). Under the same reaction conditions, crude SODD (17.2 wt.% FFAs) and hydrolyzed SODD (72.5 wt.% FFAs) yielded products containing around 80 wt.% FAEEs. Caustic treatment could increase the ester content to around 90 wt.% and reduce the FFAs content to less than 1 wt.%. Our results show the good performance of liquid Eversa in aqueous (hydrolysis reactions) and organic (esterification/transesterification reactions) media.

Trends in the Use of Lipases: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis

“…A genetically-modified lipase, derived from the lipase of the fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus [ 77 , 78 ], with low cost, can be used in processes without necessarily being reused [ 79 , 80 ]. Currently, its major focus of application and studies covers the biofuel industry; however, it still presents a broad potential for evaluation in other sectors [ 81 , 82 , 83 ].…”

“…Lipase immobilization techniques have been the subject of several studies developed over the years [ 6 , 13 , 16 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 ]. These techniques improve recyclability, stability, and enzymatic activity, impacting market productivity and profitability.…”

Transesterification of waste cooking oil with a commercial liquid biocatalyst: Key information revised and new insights

“…More recently, Eversa ® (in its original liquid form) was tested in the hydrolysis of deodorizer distillate of soybean oil (Vieira et al, 2021). The hydrolysis at 37 C for 48 h with water added yielded 72.5 wt % of free fatty acids content.…”